psych final

~32

number of Americans murded with guns every day

140

number of Americasn treated for a gun assault in the emergency room every day

20 times higher

US firearm homicide rate compared to that of the combined rate for 22 countries that are our peers in wealth and population

1/3 people

amount of people in the US who know someone who has been shot

478,400

number of fatal and nonfatal violent crimes that were committed with a firearm in 2011

Baltimore (343 vs Canada's 266)

who had more gun homicides in 2017, Canada or Balitmore?

suicides

what accounted for more than half of US gun deaths in 2020?

42%

percentage of Americans that live in a household with a gun (whether it is their gun or not)

increased recently, but below past highs

gun suicide and gun murder rates in the US

suicide

what causes more gun-related deaths in the US, suicide or homicide?

USA

country with highest gun-related death rate

USA

country with highest gun-related suicide rates

USA

country in middle of suicide rate

South Korea

country with highest suicide rate

seatbelt regulation

reasoning for possible gun regulation -- this caused vehicle deaths to go down

58

number of people that died in the 2017 LAs Vegas shooting

mass shootings and mental health

63% of people polled think that mass shootings are an issue of mental health problems

mass shootings and gun laws

23% of people polled think that mass shootings are an issue of gun control laws

1/3

fraction of mass shootings, where the shooter was legally prohibited from possessing firearms at the time of the shooting

51%

percent of mass shootings where the shooter exhibited dangerous warning signs before the shooting

54%

percentage of mass shootings where the shooter shot an intimate partner or family member

86%

percentage of children killed in mass shootings died in domestic or family violence-related incidents

58%

percentage of mass shotings involving a high-capacity magazine

guns

have more Americans died from guns in the US since 1968 or on battlefields of all American wars in history?

men

which group have a higher percentage of people saying we must protect gun rights, men or women?

women

which group have a higher percentage of people saying we must control gun ownership, men or women?

increases homicide of non-strangers

does personal gun ownership increase or decrease homicides?

no correlation found

was there a correlation found between gun ownership and the homicide of strangers?

mental illness causes gun violence

one of four assumptions about mass shootings

psychiatric diagnosis can predict gun crime before it happens

one of four assumptions about mass shootings

US mass shootings teach us to fear mentally ill loners

one of four assumptions about mass shootings

gun control won't prevent another mass shooting, because of complex psychiatric histories

one of four assumptions about mass shootings

3-5%

percentage of US crimes that involve people with mental illness

lower

is the percentage of crimes that involve guns and mental illness lower or higher than the national average for persons not diagnosed with mental illness?

anecdotal disruptions

fill in the blank: mass shootings represent \_________ \___________ of, rather than representations of, the actions of "mentally ill" people as an aggregate group

exponentially greater

what is the risk that individuals diagnosed with serious mental illness will be assaulted by others?

very little supporting evidence

how much evidence is there that supports the predictive value of psychiatric diagnosis in matters of gun violence?

1960s and 1970s

when did US society begin to link schizophrenia with violence and guns?

no

are psychiatrists better at using clinical judgements than chance at predicting which individuals will do something violent and which won't?

radicalized and gendered overtones

why was the 1960s-era associating schizophrenia and gun violence in the US?

threatened civil order

why was the 1960s-era associating schizophrenia and gun violence in the US?

expand gun rights

what do many Americans want to do because of the lone white male stereotype of shooters?

ineffective

will gun control be effective or ineffective at stopping gun crime?

no

do gun purchase restrictions of background checks work when shooters have mental illness?

mental health professional is a class-based activity

why do we need to invest more resources to support social and economical infrastructures?

Metzl & MacLeish (2015)

gun violence does not boil down to blaming the mentally ill

70%

what percentage of homicides in the US are caused by firearms? (M & M, 2015)

4%

what percentage of firearm violence is contributed by people mental illness?

0.8%

what percent of firearm violence accounts for mass murders? (mental illness contributes to a much higher percentage of mass murders, though)

60%

what percentage of Americans believe that people with schizophrenia are likely or very likely to act violently?

12%

what percentage of people with schizophrenia actually display any signs of minor or serious violent behavior?

79%

what percentage of mass murders between 2011 and 2013 were perpetrated by individuals with "demonstrated signs of continuous behavioral health issues and mental illness"?

no, larger, deeper issues going on in culture about gun violence

should mental illness be tagged as sign of violence threat?

what is mass incarceration

very high levels of incarceration, often targeting one social group or race disproportionately

US

which country has the highest incarceration rate in the world (excluding POWs in major wars)?

US

which country has 5% of the world's population and 25% of its prisoners?

Oklahoma

what state has the highest incarceration rate of any NATO country and the US?

1970s and 1980s

what decades did incarceration rates shoot up a lot since the 1920s?

income inequality and incarceration

what 2 things have always had a solid connection between them for all countries?

no

are the prison populations decreasing even though the crime rates are increasing?

yes

are the prison populations increasing even though the crime rates are decreasing?

war on drugs

what program did the Nixon administration create in order to disenfranchise college students and black people who would not vote for Nixon, because they were against the war?

three strikes laws

why did incarceration rates being to explode in the 1980s?

mandatory minumums

why did incarceration rates being to explode in the 1980s?

truth in sentencing

why did incarceration rates being to explode in the 1980s?

what are three strike laws

laws that say on the third felony conviction, it carries a mandatory life in prison sentence.

what are mandatory minimums

laws that reduced judges discretion in sentencing, requiring a typically long minumum sentence -- often life without parole

Rockefeller "drug laws"

an example of mandatory minimums, where a 15 year minimum sentence was imposed for possession of any amount of marijuana is the

what are truth in sentencing laws

laws that eliminate earned parole

2001

in what year were crime rates really low (but public perception thought it was much higher)?

2002

in what year was there a large drop in the number of juveniles killed with firearm after 1993, resulting in the overall number of juvenile homicides to fall to its lowest level since 1984?

example of incorrect crime projections

Reagan administration issued a report that projects recorded low violent crime rates going forward, but violent crime skyrocketed over the next 10 years.

feminist movement

what was the most likely reason for the decline in crime around the world?

15 to 30

what is the age range for the people who commit the vast majority of crime?

over a decade

how long does is take to have effective policies have an impact?

no

do more enforcement, stricter enforcement, and longer sentences reduce crime?

yes

does punishment work on most people even when it is mild?

increases

does increasing harshness (thus increasing alienation from conventional society) increase or decrease crime?

increases

does putting low-risk offenders with high-risk offenders increase or decrease the risk of recidivism for the low-risk offenders?

no

does increasing the number of people you incarcerate, with an already high incarceration rate, help the crime rate lower?

alienates them

what do longer sentences do to people in regard to conventional society?

yes

do prison stays longer than 20 months have minimal effect on reducing crime?

prison culture

what develops in communities with very high incarceration rates?

what is prison culture

prison entry is seen as inevitable or common, and it is no longer a deterrent

characteristics of prison culture

trust no one, altruism is being a sucker, violence is necessary for survival

examples of prison collateral consequences

social stigmatization, curtailed employment/economic opportunities, political alienation, de-stabalization of family and impaired development of children, diminished mental and physical health, homelessness, compounded trauma from witnessing prison violence

what are prisons

places operated by federal and state governments, who house people who have been convicted of a crime

no

do prisoners retain many of their rights when they go to prison?

yes

can states cut prison populations without seeing a rise in the crime rate?

no

does incarceration rate decline as crime rates decline?

black men without high school diploma

what group has the highest incarceration rate in the country?

60%

what percentage of prisoners have substance abuse or mental health issues?

Brennen Center Report

by reducing incarceration of low-level (mostly drug and property) offenders, prison populations can be reduced with no increased risk to the community

Bales and Piquero

compared the effect of imprisonment on reoffending relative to a prison division program and found that imprisonment exerts a criminogenic effect

75%

what percentages of young men released from prison ages 18 to 20 re-offended within 2 years?

strong positive correlation

what is the correlation between time spent in prison and higher recidivism rates?

what is prisonization

instills prison-based habits and ways of being on a person. they are highly functional inside prison and problematic virtually everywhere else

insanity

the cognitive prong requires the person to have no mens rea

partial mens rea

affects the degree of blameworthiness and therefore the level of appropriate punishment; no guilt

partial mens rea example

10 year old shot his mother's boyfriend: he intended to shoot the gun and harm the boyfriend, but he did not know the degree of harm