HDFS 3700 Exam 1 Study Guide Landers-Potts

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory:

list the parts Smallest to largest;

1. You

2. Microsystem - place where we experience our daily lives

3. Mesosystem - interconnection between microsystems

4. Exosystem - societal institutions that affect us

5. Macrosystem - broad system of cultural beliefs and values

6. Chronosystem - change that occurs over time

Adolescence is...

a cultural construct

How was adolescence viewed in preindustrial / pre-18th century Europe?

Childhood was viewed as a step toward adulthood rather than its own stage. Children and teens viewed as economic assets. There was a life-cycle service where teens were sent away to work.

How was adolescence viewed in the 18th century?

Children are perceived as having inherent value and being malleable in a person's life

Poets and philosophers discussed adolescence

what person and time period was associated with 18th century adolescence?

Rosseau, Enlightenment

How was adolescence viewed in the 19th century?

Adolescents contributed to the family economy. There were problems with urbanization, which led to the founding of the ymca and ywca

When was the age of adolescence?

1890 - 1920

3 reasons that the term adolescence was created?

1. Reniassance / social workers - legislation preventing child labor

2. industrialization led to compulsory public education and spreading money

3. the child study movement - G. Stanley Hall defined adolescence as a field of scholarship

What age was considered adolescence in 1900? What is it now?

1900: 14-24

Recent decades: 10-18

What are the reasons for changes in the age of adolescence?

Change in the onset of puberty, change in the age of marriage.

What defines exiting adolescence in South Korea?

being able to support one's parents financially

What are the periods of adolescence? At what age does each stage occur?

Early adolescence - 10-13

Middle Adolescence - 14-16

Late Adolescence - 17-18

Emerging Adulthood - 18-25

What tends to characterize adolescence? 6 things

- identity exploration

- instability

- self-focus

- feeling in between

- possibility

- variability

Biosocial Theory / "Hall's Theory of Recapitulation"

This theory was influenced by Darwin. It characterizes adolescence as a period of storm and stress. The observations foreshadowed modern research.

What theory was Sigmund Freud known for?

Psychosexual Theory

3 parts of the personality according to Freud

Id - natural impulses

Ego - mediates the two

Superego - conscience

Name each of Freud's 5 psychosexual stages and the age when they occur

Oral - infant's pleasure centers on the mouth - birth to 1.5 years

Anal - Child's pleasure focuses on the anus - 1.5 to 3 years

Phallic Stage - Child's pleasure focuses on the genitals - 3 to 6 years

Latency Stage - child represses sexual interests and develops social and intellectual skills - 6 to puberty

Genital Stage - puberty onward - time of sexual reawakening, source of sexual pleasure comes from outside the family

What was Erikson known for?

Psychosocial Stages

Psychosocial stage for 5 to 12? Virtue?

Industry vs Inferiority, competency

What is the psychosocial stage from 12 to 18? Virtue?

Identity vs Role Confusion, virtue is fidelity

What is the psychosocial stage for 18 to 40? Virtue?

Intimacy vs isolation, virtue is love

What theory is Piaget known for?

Theory of Cognitive Development

4 stages of cognitive development and the ages associated

1. Sensimotor - 0-2 years old - coordination of the senses with motor response, sensory curiosity about the world, language used for demands and cataloging, object permanance develops

2. Preoperational - 2-7 years old - symbolic thinking, use of proper syntax and grammar to express full concepts, imagination and intuition are strong but complex abstract thought is difficult, conversation developed

3. concrete operational - 7-11 years - concepts attached to concrete situations, time space and quantity are understood and applied but not as independent concepts

4. formal operations - 11+ - theoretical, hypothetical and counterfactual thinking. Abstract logic and reasoning. Strategy and planning become possible. Concepts learned in one context can be applied to another.

What was B.F. Skinner known for?

behaviorism, reinforcement and punishment (operant conditioning)

What was Bandura known for?

Social Learning Theory, modeling and observation

What is puberty?

The biological revolution that dramatically changes an adolescent's anatomy, physiology and physical appearance

What causes puberty?

Hormonal and bodily changes?

When does puberty begin and end?

Early adolescence

What are hormones?

Hormones are powerful chemicals secreted in the endocrine glands that are carried through the bloodstream

What is the endocrine system?

The collection of glans that produce hormones

What are the 4 major glans and their primary functions?

The hypothalamus - monitors basic needs like eating, drinking and sex. Found in the higher portion of the brain.

Pituitary Gland - regulates other glands. Secretes FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone and LH - lutenizing hormone and ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Thyroid Gland - interacts with the pituitary gland to influence growth. Produces GH, growth hormone.

Gonads or Sex Glands - testes and ovaries, secretes sex hormone

How do the hormonal changes of puberty start?

The hormonal changes begin in the hypothalamus, which increases production of GnRH. This occurs once a threshold level of body fat is reached at the end of middle childhood. The fat cells produce leptin, which then provides the signal to the hypothalamus.

How is a low level of hormone production maintained in pre-puberty?

the hypothalamus suppresses the production of hormones by creating a very low set-point for hormone levels.

Adrenarche

Occurs at age 6-9. During this time, adrenal glands begin to mature before outward signs of puberty appear.

3 stags of puberty?

early - 10-14 - rapid pubertal changes

middle - 14-16 - puberty nearly complete

late - 16-18 - full adult appearance

How does height for boys and girls work in adolescence?

Boys reach their max height later, boys end up taller

When not all parts of the body grow at the same time in adolescence? Explains the uneven look.

Asynchronicity. Extremities tend to grow first.

primary sex characteristics for boys?

Spermarche, the development of sex organs

secondary sex characteristics for boys?

growth of hair in pubic areas, underarms, chest, face, shoulders and back. The skin becomes rougher. The voice deepens. The sweat glans increase production.

Primary sex characteristics for girls

production of eggs and the development of sex organs

secondary sex characteristics for girls

the growth of hair in pubic areas, underarm hair and some facial hair. Skin becomes rougher. Sweat glands increase their production. There is slight enlargement of breasts / breast buds.

What limits studies on pubertal development?

Most studies have been conducted on white adolescents in the west

What differences were found in puberty in Kenya?

Boys showed the first signs of puberty at the same time or before their female pairs

What differences were found in puberty among African American girls?

Many African American girls were found to begin developing breast buds and pubic hair earlier than white girls.

What difference in puberty was found in Chinese girls?

Pubic hair began to develop in most girls 2 years after the development of breast buds and only a few months before menarche

Factors that affect the onset of puberty?

- Genetics

- Premature birth

- Body fat

- access to resouces

- stress and family

- presence of a father / unrelated male

- endocrine disruptors

- PCBs

- Pthalates in plastics

What is happening to the age of menarche?

It is getting lower, currently at 12.5 in the United States

Early Maturation in girls...

a negative factor, can cause them to be more at risk

Late Maturation in Girls

Could be at risk for teasing and a temporarily negative body image. However, eventually they have a better body image and tend to be more lean.

Early Maturation in Boys

Tends to be a positive social factor. However, there is an increased possibility of risky behavior and testicular cancer.

Late Maturation in Boys

tends to have a higher likelihood of problems. More negative outcomes.

Motor development in boys?

Dramatic gains in strength, speed and endurance that continue throughout the teen years.

Girls motor development

Gradual motor development that levels off at age 14

What factors influence physical development among adolescents?

VO2 max - the max amount of oxygen in ml that one can use in one minute per kilogram of body weight. Highest level is in teen and early adult years.

Muscle Strength - muscle mass and grip strength at peak levels during early adulthood

reaction time - faster in emerging adulthood than any other time in life

cardiac output - the volume of blood pumped by the heart in a minute, peaks at age 25

Time of life with least likelihood of physical illness?

Emerging Adulthood

Term for gradual hearing loss of high frequency sounds beyond 18-20 KHz?

Presbyscusis

What factors cause negative outcomes for emerging adults?

- poor nutrition and exercise

- lack of sleep

- stress of juggling school with other responsibilities

Major causes of death among adolescents?

Automobile acccidents, homicide, stds including hiv

Parts of a neuron?

Axon - nerve fiber that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell

synapse - junction across which a nerve impulse passes from an axon to a neuron

dendrite - extension of the nerve cell that conducts impulses from the adjacent cells inward toward the cell body

myelin sheath - insulating envelope that surrounds the core of the axon and facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses

by age 6 the brain is...

95% of it's adult size

2 ages that exuberance / overproduction occurs

- prenatal - 18 months of age

- early puberty, ages 10-12

Synaptic Pruning

Process where synaptic connections are reduced. Results in a reduction of gray matter. Schizophrenia may be due to excessive pruning.

Mylenation

the process of creating a myelin sheath (blanket of fat) over the main part of the neuron

What doe the myelin sheath do?

Increases the speed and efficiency of electrical signals

What is relied on during adolescence?

The amygdala, which is related to the processing of emotions

What structures of the brain are still developing during adolescence?

The Cerebellum - the small brain, motor control

the prefrontal cortex - located at the front of the frontal love, complex behaviors including planning, personality and complex behavior

Corpus callsum - the band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain.