Biology Quiz Organelles+Cells

Nucleus, contains and protects genetic material

Found inside the nucleus or just floating

DNA/chromosomes, information for making proteins

Ribosomes, make proteins using messenger RNA, which is crucial to structure, function, and regulation

Found in: cytoplasm and rough ER, EU and PRO

Endoplasmic Reticulum, transports and finishes proteins and other biological molecules

2 types: rough ER, studded ribosomes, synthesis and modification of proteins

Smooth ER: hydrolysis, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification, no ribosomes on it, lipid manufacturing

Found in: EU

Lysosomes, help clean up the cell using enzymes (break lipids, carbs, and proteins)

Mitochondria, create ATP energy, contain own genetic info, from mother

Found in: EU, animal + plant

Golgi apparatus, sending things where they need to go in or out of cell

-membrane bound vesicles take packages to the plasma membrane

-composed of cisternae

Found in: EU, plant +animal

Cytoplasm- cytosol

-space for work to be done

-gel-like matrix

-intercellular space

-plays crucial role in biochemical reactions, energy production, substance transport

Storage unit near the ER

Vesicles, cellular package containing products such as protein

Found in: EU, maybe PRO**

Vacuole, storage, sometimes defense and digestion

-central vacuole for plants

Found in: plant cells, animal cells, EU and PRO

Part of cell membrane

Pores/gated channels, points of entry and exit for materials

Cell membrane, controls what goes in and out of the cells

Compound Light Microscope

-typical

-uses two lenses to pass light through a specimen and magnify it

-objective+ ocular lens

-1 millionth of a meter

-light limits magnification

-stains are needed

Electron microscopes

-view smaller structures than compound light

-focused electron beam created by the magnetic field in a vacuum

-1 billionth of a meter

-high resolution

-nothin living

-scanning and transmission microscope

Transmission microscopes

-cell structures/large protein molecules viewed

-thin slices for the electrons

-2d images

Scanning microscopes

-electron beam scans specimen

-3D images

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

First to observe living microorganisms after first microscope, pond water

Robert Hooke

Inspected cork and discovered chambers he called cells

Cell

Smallest functioning unit of all living things, produced by division of other cells, all living things are made of cells, smallest unit of life

Mathias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann

Mathias proposed that plants are made of cells, later Theodor added animals

Living Organisms:

-have DNA

-change overtime

-use materials and energy

-grow and develop

-respond to environment

-reproduce

-maintain homeostasis

Prokaryotic

-simple

-genetic material in cytoplasm

-lack defined nucleus

-bacteria cells

Eukaryotic

-have defined nucleus

-plant

-animal

-protist

-fungal

-larger

-complex (organelles and internal membranes)

Protist

-some have cell wall

-no differentiated tissues

Fungal

-chitin cell wall

Space outside the cell

Extra cellular space

Nucleus parts

Nuclear pores- allow materials to move in and out of the nucleus

Nucleolus- involved in making ribosomes, attract messenger RNA

Chromatin

Chromatin=

chromosomes but extra proteins

Protein Synthesis

1. Proteins are assembled on ribosomes

2. Targeted for export to cell membrane/specialized locations within the cell, complete assembly on ribosomes bound to the rough ER

3. Newly assembled proteins are carried from the rough ER to Golgi apparatus in vesicles

4. Golgi further modifies before sorting and packaging them in membrane bound vesicles

5. Vesicles are shipped to final destination in or out of cell

Cytoskeleton- cell shape and involved in movement

Composed of: microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

Microfilaments

-thin, thread like

-made of ACTIN

-supports cell, aids movement

Microtubules

Hollow structure

made of protein Tubulin

Maintain cell shape

-needed for cell division

-cilia and flagella

Flagella and cilia

Structures for movement, flagella for elongated and enable movement in liquid environments, cilia for shorter and create coordinated flow on cell surface

Chloroplasts- solar to chemical energy

-synthesize glucose

Cell walls- can be porous to let in substances

Found in: PRO, EU, plant, fungi

Cell membranes- double lipid bilayer (phospholipid)

-regulates entry and exit

-supports protects cell

Found in: all cells

Animal cell parts

-cell membrane

-nucleus (DNA)

-RER

-ribosomes

-SER

-Cytoskeleton*

-Centrioles*

-lysosome*

-Mitochondrion

-vacuole

-Golgi apparatus

-vesicle

Plant cell parts

Cell membrane

Cell wall

Vacuole

Golgi apparatus

Vesicle

Nucleus

RER

Ribosomes

SER

Central vacuole

Cytoskeleton

Chloroplast

Mitochondrion

Prokaryotic Cell parts

DNA

Ribosomes

Cell membrane

Cell wall

Centrioles- barrel shaped organelles, organize microtubules, organizing division of cells

Identify

Spirilum, coccus, bacillus