bio lecture 14 exam 2 flashcards (copy)

Diploid Cells

Cells that have two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent (2n). Most eukaryotic organisms are diploid.

Haploid Cells

Cells that have one set of chromosomes (n), such as sperm and egg cells.

Meiosis

A specialized type of cell division that creates four haploid gametes from one diploid germline cell.

Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis.

Independent Assortment

The random orientation of homologous chromosome pairs during Metaphase I, contributing to genetic variability in gametes.

Nondisjunction

A chromosomal mishap during cell division when homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate properly.

Trisomy

The presence of an extra chromosome (2n+1), resulting in three copies of a particular chromosome.

Monosomy

The absence of one chromosome (2n-1), resulting in an individual having only one copy of a particular chromosome.

Spermatogenesis

The continuous process of producing sperm cells in males through meiosis, beginning at puberty.

Oogenesis

The process of producing egg cells in females through meiosis, which is discontinuous and begins before birth.

Turner Syndrome

A disorder affecting females with only one X chromosome, leading to symptoms such as short stature and infertility.

Klinefelter Syndrome

A disorder affecting males with an extra X chromosome, leading to symptoms such as underdeveloped testes and reduced fertility.

Jacob's Syndrome

A disorder affecting males with an extra Y chromosome, generally resulting in tall stature and potential learning difficulties.

Triple X Syndrome

A disorder affecting females with an extra X chromosome, which may lead to mild learning disabilities or developmental delays.

Chromosome Count in Humans

Normal human diploid cells have a total of 46 chromosomes: 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.

Genetic Diversity in Meiosis

The generation of diverse offspring through mechanisms like crossing over and independent assortment during meiosis.