apush midterm

John Adams

2nd president

establised alien and sedition acts

sons of liberty leader

JQA

organized the monroe doctrine

john adams’s son

weak presidency

samuel adams

leader of sons of liberty

wrote massachusetts circular letter

susan b. anthony

one of the first women’s rights activists

believed women should have the right to vote

abolitionist

stephen f. austin

brought texas to the US after gaining independence from mexico

nicholas biddle

president of the 2nd national bank

profited off the national bank

elizabeth blackwell

first woman to attend medical school

first female doctor

helped found nursing school

john brown

extreme abolitionist

responsible fot the pottawatomie massacre

responsible for harpers ferry

james buchanan

pa governor who downplays slavery

pro manifest destiny, wanted it to come back

becomes president

is president when the states start to secede

Aaron Burr

always had contradicting beliefs to hamilton

killed hamilton

runs for president in 1800 but loses to TJ

Essex Junto

john c. calhoun

original republican politician

pro slavery/states rights

one of the reasons the democratic party was invented

secretly wrote “south carolina exposition and protest”

hates tariffs

samuel chase

supreme court justice

jefferson tried to impeach him

henry clay

one of the most important politicians

spokesman for the west

wrote the missouri compromise

JQA’s sec of state

dewitt clinton

NY senator

senator when the erie canal was built

ran for president multiple times but never won

jefferson davis

mississipi senator

president of the confederate states of america when the south secedes

dorethea dix

a reformer

concerned about prisoners wellbeings

reformed the way prisoners/mentally ill were treated

frederick douglass

former slave

pushed for the ending of slavery to be the focal point of the civil war

wanted emancipation

stephen douglas

wanted to build a railroas from illinois to california

kansas and nebraska were in the way

led to the kansas/nebraska act

ralph waldo emerson

leading transcendentalist thinker

created cultural nationalism

charles finney

leader of the 2nd great awakening

ben franklin

discovered electricity

part of the enlightenment

created the albany plan union

went to france to get european allies for revolutionary war

robert fulton

created the first steam boat

william lloyd garrison

leading abolitionist

owned the liberator newspaper

citizen genet

french government rep sent to the us

wanted to get the us on france’s side of the french revolution

george grenville

british prime minister at the end of the french and indian war

had to deal with the severe debt

replaced by rockingham

alexander hamilton

washington’s right hand man

becomes secretary of treasury

creates the first national bank

wanted strong federal government

william henry harrison

general in the battle of tippecanoe

war hero

runs in election of 1840, wins 53% of votes and most free states

sam houston

leader of texan army in the texas revolution

andrew jackson

general in battle of new orleans

hates national bank, ends up destroying it

corrupt bargain

creates democratic party

becomes president in1828

causes trail of tears

lewis and clark

they traveled and explored the land bought in the lousiana purchase

toussaint l’ouverture

led successful slave revolt in santo domingo against france

causes napoeleon to gove up on north america, leads to louisiana purchase

james madison

helped write the federalist papers

father of the constitution

against the national bank

secretly wrote the virginia and kentucky resolutions

becomes president in 1808

horace mann

leader of the common school movement

reformer

john marshall

went to france to negotiate the xyz affairs

extreme federalist

chief justice of the supreme court

ruled in important court cases like “Marbury v Madison” and “Mcculloch v Maryland”

james monroe

sent to france to negotiate LA purchase

president in 1816, wins again in 1820 without competition (era of good feelings)

made monroe doctrine

james k. polk

became president in 1844, only ran for one term

pro annexation of texas

president during the mexican war

announces gold rush

dred scott

slave who left state with owner and the owner died

used by abolitionist for his freedom in a court case

case didn’t win, was still a slave with no rights

winfield scott

military general in mexican war and civil war

devised the unions war strategies and created the anaconda plan

daniel shays

revolutionary times farmer who led shay’s rebellion

uprising in tax policies in massachusetts 1786-1787

samuel slater

“father of american industrial revolution”

introduced the forst water powered cotton mill to the US

originally from england

joseph smith

american mormon religious leader

founder of mormonism/latter day saint movement

published The Book of Mormon

harriet beecher stowe

wrote and published Uncle Tom’s Cabin

abolitionist

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charles sumner

US senator from massachusetts

leder of anti salvery forces/radical republicans

abolitionist

got caned (beat with cane in house of senate by pro slavery senator)

nat turner

virginia slave

led “nat turner’s rebellion”

gathered slaves to rebel and kill about 60 white men/owners

1831

tecumseh

shawnee native cheif and warrior

resisted expansion of colonized US expansion

tried to unite all tribes against white expansion

his death was a minor cause to the end of 1812

henry david thoreau

transcendentalist

wrote civil disobedience

favored fighting back to an unjust state or government

charles townshend

british politician

established the townshend acts/key cause in american revolution

1767

taxed goods importd to american colonies

John tyler

10th president of the US 1841-1845

took office to succeed william henry harrison

whig party

martin van buren

eighth president of the US 1837-1841

had slaves but considered slavery “morally evil”

supported state banks over national bank

clement vallandigham

american politician who was the leader of the copperheads

an anti war democrat during the civil war

daniel webster

new hampshire congressman

took states rights position

purchased slaves freedom then they had to worl to pay off theur debt to him

george whitefield

founded the religious methodist movement

preacker of evangelical revivial in great britain and the great awakening in america

xyz (xyz affair)

3 foreign agents from the french minister

demands a bribe from the american delegation

french wanted help fighting war against great britain

1797-1798

brigham young

second president of the chirch of jesus christ latter day saints 1847-1877

morman pioneer who led people of mormonism to settle in salt lake city

BYU - brigham yound university

tariff of abominations

also called tariff of 1828

it incresed the improt tax from 45% to 50%

american system

system of domestic reforms promoted by clay and republicans

protective tariff, strong national bank, internal improvements

looselt interpreted bc constitution doen’t say fed gov can set up transportation systems

1824

alien and sedition acts

acts put in place for immigrants in america

made it harder for immigrants to live

naturalization acts, alien act, alien enemies act, sedition act

1798

violated the 1st ammendment

anti-federalists

wanted to keep the aoc

didn’t want the new constitution

wanted a weaker fed gov

favored federalism

articles of confederation

1781

primarily written by john dickinson

first federal government document

gave states a lot of power

worked for the first decade, but wasn’t ideal afterwards

replaced by constitution

assumption

the assumption of states debts by the federal government to pay off revolutionary war debts

created by hamilton, opposed by jefferson

boston

first settlement built by the puritans

founded by john winthrop

home of the sons of liberty

site of the boston massacre

california

gold rush in 1848-1849

caused a lot of immigration to the US and westward expansion

congressional caucus

voting members of congress representatives and senators

government congress/meeting

constitutional union party

political party active in the elections of 1860 (lincoln)

consisted of former whigs from the south

wanted to avoid secession

compromise of 1850

made california a free state

made tecas a slace state

fugitive slave act

stopped slave trade in washington dc

copperheads

in 1860s (peace democrats)

opposed war

didnt like lincoln

small fraction of democratic/peace with confederates

critteden compromise

an unsuccessful proposal to permanently enshrine slavery in the constitution

this made it unconstitutional to end slavery

john j. critteden

1860

democrats

one of the 2 major political parties

founded in 1828

supportive of the common man

electoral college

the system in which the president is selected during the election

each elector casts 2 voted for a candidate

need 270 to win presidency

emancipation proclamation

semptember 1862

freed slaves in the rebelling states (not union or border)

embargo act

1807

act stating that the US will no longer trade with foreign countries

made by jefferson

hurt the US more than it helped it

enumerated goods

list of items that could only be sold within the country

tobacco, cotton, sugar, indigo

federalist papers

essays written in suport of the new US constitution

secretly written by hamilton, madison, and john jay

swayed popular suport in favor of the constitution

federalists

hamilton was this

in favor of strong federal government and the constitution

supported federalism

florida

state originally owned by spain

given to the US in the florida purchase treaty (adams onis treaty) in 1819

andrew jackson invaded it/earned his wat hero status

force bill

allowed military force in states that resisted the tariff acts

put in place by jackson

gag resolution

1836

congress won’t allow the discussion of anti-slavery petitions

postpones the anti-slavery discussions for 10 years

georgia

one of the original 13 colonies

colony of debtors and criminals

was used as a barrier to proctect south carolina and the US from spain in florida

habeas corpus

constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment

the right to a speedy trial

suspended by lincoln to pu political opponents in jail indefinitely

intolerable acts

britain’s response for the boston tea party

1774

king appoints massachussets government positions

prices were increased

more soldiers were sent over to massachusetts

jay’s treaty

1794

regulated US trade with europe

british soldoers are taken out of US territory but they still have the right to trade with the native americans

judicial review

the supreme court can decide whether or not the acts made by congress are constitutional

the supreme court can review the acts of congress of brought to them in a case

kansas-nebraska act

1854

created 2 states out of unorganized territory

ruled by popular sovereignty

leads to violence in kansas (bleeding kansas)

kentucky (VA and KY resolutions)

against the alien and sedition acts

secretly written by jefferson and madison

no legal significance, just opinions

states can make federal laws null and void

know-nothings

aka the american party

anti-immigrant

wanetd to see immigration gradually reduced in the US

had a candidate for president in 1852 who was pretty popular

the liberator

weekly national newspaper

1831-1865

owned by the abolitionist William Lloyd garrison

loose construction

created by hamilton

the fed gov can do anything they want unless the constitution says otherwise

maine

brits wanted this state during the war of 1812, so they burned the US capitol

became a free state during the missouri compromise

missouri compromise

1820

a line is drawn at the 36-30 line, all states south are slave states and all states north are free except for missouri

missouri becomes a state (slave)

maine becomes a state (free)

navigation acts

1660

only british ships were allowed in american ports

new jersey

middle colony, part of new amsterdam

first was a dutch settlement

original 13 colony

new york

started the erie canal

non-importation agreement

boycotts against british goods adopted in ersponse to the stamp act and, later, the townshend and intolerable acts

forced britain to acknowledge the colonies through economic pressure

north carolina

people moved here from virginia and england

tobacco farming started here

important state for naval stores

barbados slave code

ostend manifesto

the south wanted to take cuba

spain won’t sell

pierce thinks we should take it, but there was a huge northern opposition, so nothing happened

pinckney’s treaty

1795

separate peace with spain

US gets rughts to use mississippi river diwn to new orleans for 3 years

clears up southern border of US

plymouth

where the pilgrims on the mayflower settled

the pilgrims were headed for jamestown, but they ended up here

republicans

founded in 1854

party of the early north/anti-slavery

rush-bagot agreement

british american agreement that limited naval ships on the great lakes

followed the war of 1812

seneca falls convention

first womens rights convention

july 1848

speech modeled after declaration of independence