history unit 1

The Crusades-Date

1096-1270

The crusades- What

series of religious wars

The Crusades- Purpose

European Christians wanted to free the holy land from Muslim rule.

The Crusades- Effects

-increased trade
-broke down feudalism and the power of nobles
-helped strong central governments emerge
-exchanges of ideas and technology between Europe and the Middle East

The Bubonic Plague- Date

1347-1352

The Bubonic Plague- Additional Name

Black Death

The Bubonic Plague- What

the deadly disease that spread through Asia and Europe and killed more than a third of the people in parts of China and Europe

The Bubonic Plague Effects

town populations fell; trade declined thus causing prices to rise; the serfs left the manor in search of better wages; nobles fiercely resisted peasant demands for higher wages thus causing peasant revolts in England, France, Italy, and Belgium; Jews were falsely blamed for bringing on the plague, all over Europe Jews were driven from their homes or worse, massacred; and the Church suffered a loss of prestige when its prayers failed to stop the onslaught of the bubonic plague and priests abandoned their duties

Defenition of Renaissance

Rebirth

Renaissance: What

following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classics of Greece and Rome

Renaissance: When

Began in the 1400s

Northern Renaissance-What

Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe

Northern Renaissance- When

Starterd:1450

Northern Renaissance- Where

France, Low Countries , England, and Germany;

What did it feature greater emphasis on?

Religion

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Who is Niccolo Machiavelli and what did he write?

a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527), wrote the book The Prince

Leonardo da Vinci

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.

William Shakespeare

(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamle

Johann Gutenberg

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press, invented in 1457

Renaissance Man:

a scholar during the Renaissance who (because knowledge was limited) could know almost everything about many topics

Michelangelo

An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Petrarch

One of Europe's greatest lyric poets, famous work is Canzonieri. Wrote in vernacular Italian, known as the Father of Humanism

Dante Alighieri

an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory, also one of earliest Italian poets to write in vernacular Italian

Giovanni Boccaccio

Wrote the Decameron, also one of earliest Italian writers to publish in vernacular Italian

Perspective

point of view in Renaissance art that added to the appearance of depth and three dimensions to paintings on two dimensional surfaces

Christian Humanism:

a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church

Sir Thomas More

(1478-1535) Englishman, lawyer, politician, Chancellor for Henry VIII. Wrote Utopia which presented a revolutionary view of society, in which the problems of society were caused by greed. Executed by Henry VIII for not compromising his Catholic religious beliefs.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
He wanted to
-stop indulgences
-get rid of hierachy
-teach people to read.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches, mostly in Northern and Central Europe

Excommunication

the act of banishing a member of the Church from the communion of believers and the privileges of the Church

Diet of Worms- Year

1521

Diet of Worms- What

Luther's Heresy trial before Charles V in the Holy Roman Empire in which Luther was expected to recant . He did not, and the Diet issued the Edict of Worms: banishment/outlawed from the Holy Roman Empire

Peasants' Revolt

series of peasant uprisings in the Holy Roman Empire, sought to reorder social classes of feudal system, inspired by ideas of Martin Luther and disregarding hierarchy of the Catholic Church

Peace of Augsburg- When

1555

Peace of Augsburg

agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

John Calvin/Calvinism

published Institutes of the Christian religion. Expressed ideas about God, salvation, and human nature. He believed that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved this doctrine is called "Pre-destination"...his teachings became called "Calvinism"

Henry VIII

King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism.

Year of establishment of the Church on England

1532

English Reformation

a series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

Elizabethan Settlement

The attempt by Elizabeth to settle England's religious problems through compromise

Catholic Reformation

a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation

Council of Trent

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers, reaffirmed Catholic teaching, forbade the sale of indulgences

Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in 1500s-1600s because of the Protestant Reformation and Scientific Revolution

Jesuits

members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, goal was to spread catholic teachings worldwide

Galileo Galilei

This scientist proved Copernicus' theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed the modern experimental method.

Nicolaus Copernicus

A Polish astronomer who proved that the Earth centered universe was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)

Francis Bacon

English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method, inductive reasoning and developed the scientific method

Rene Descartes

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; helped to formalize the scientific method, developed modern rationalism

Isaac Newton

English mathematician and scientist- invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling appl

Andreas Vesalius

Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy and provided detailed overviews of the human body and its systems.

William Harvey

English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood

Robert Boyle

Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose definitions of chemical elements and chemical reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy (1627-1691)

The Enlightenment Time Period

17th and 18th century

The Enlightenment- What

A movement that advocated for the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

John Locke

-English philosopher
- "social contract"
-the consent of the governed
-natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man
-Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts.
-Government should exist to protect common good,
-be a democracy

Baron de Montesquieu

-French aristocrat
-who wanted to limit royal absolutism;
-Wrote The Spirit of Laws
-Separation of powers, 3 branches of government.

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher
-absolute sovereignty
-humans = selfish

Voltaire

French philosopher
-epitomized the Age of Enlightenment,
-often attacking injustice and intolerance
-freedom of speech and religion.
-treat everyone as brother regardless of their religion/where they are from

State of Nature

The basis of natural rights philosophy; a state of nature is the condition of people living in a situation without man-made government, rules, or laws

Social Contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules

Sovereign

a supreme ruler, especially a monarch.

Absolute Monarchy

A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power

Natural Rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

Separation of Powers

an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.

Direct Democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

Republic

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

salons

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas during the Enlightenmen

Baroque

An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements

Rocco

personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular during the mid-1700s and featuring fancy design in the shape of leaves, shells, and scrolls

Frederick II

"Frederick The Great"-1712-1786;
-King of Prussia,
-aggressive in foreign affairs.
-Used military to increase power.
-Encouraged religious tolerance and legal reform.

Catherine the Great

ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, literature, encouraged legal and religious reforms because of the Enlightenment

Joseph II

(r. 1765 - 1790) son of Maria Theresa, granted religious freedom and abolished serfdom in the Empire of Austria, influenced by ideas of the Enlightenment

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

Agricultural Revolution -> more productive, efficient, mechanical farming methods->farmers lose their jobs and move to cities to look for work
Britain, the birthplace, had deposits of coal + iron ore; + pushed them to cities; Britain's colonies were a source for raw materials + it was a marketplace for manufactured goods (mercantilism); increased demand for British goods bc people were buying rather than making needs -> merchants needed more cost-effective methods of production -> factory system

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Middle class emerged, urbanization increased rapidly (overcrowded housing + unsanitary living conditions), reforms (labor unions, public education in Britain, women's rights movement begins)

Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

Domestic System

The manufacture of goods in the household setting, a production system that gave way to the factory system because it was less efficient

Labor Unions

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions

Steam Engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion.

Thomas Newcomen

built the first steam engine in 1712

James Watt

improved steam engine in the 1760s and 1770s

division of labor

the assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency.

Jeremy Bentham

(1748-1832)
-British
-proposed utilitarianism,

utilitarianism

governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number.

Robert Owen

British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment, influenced what would later become socialism

Social Democracy

political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

The importance of the printing press

Widened the access to literature because instead of need to rewrite copies they could be printed. This made it more affordable. Also allowed people to read the bible themselves rather than following the church interpretation which caused a lot of people to stray from the church.

Vernacular

Language every day people can understand.

The Prince

Written by machiavelli, described that power is more important, "better to be feared than loved"

Important Hobbes beliefs to remember

The state of nature is a constant state of danger
- People quarrel in the state of nature because of a lack of resources, lack of security and glory
-They give up the right to do whatever they please in the social contract
-Hobbes thinks an absolute monarchy is the best

Important Montesquie beliefs to remeber

-Separation of powers
-Representative Democracy
-The executive branch should include one person
-Army enforces Laws

Locke

-Humans want to avoid conflcit
-People agree to organized government because it provides them security
-Gov. most provide for common welfare and protect natural rights
-Consent of the Governed
-People have the right to overthrow government when they overstep their bounds.

Rosseau

- Social Contract
-General Will-for the common good
-Direct Democracry