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What are the two groups the bones of the skull are divided into?
Face
Cranial Cavity
Define the cranial cavity.
Part of skull that houses the brain
What are the bones of the cranial cavity?
Frontal Parietal (2) Temporal (2) Occipital Ethmoid Sphenoid
Where do the branches of the middle meningeal artery pass under?
Zygoma
Features of the temporal bone (7)
Squamous part
Petrous part
Mastoid Process
Styloid process
Zygomatic process
External acoustic meatus
Internal acoustic meatus
What is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone?
Anterior projection articulating with temporal process of zygoma, forming the zygomatic arch
What are the sutures present in the skull? (3)
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Lambdoid suture
Define coronal suture
Separates frontal bone from 2 parietal bones
Define sagittal suture
Separates the 2 parietal bones
Define lambdoid suture
Separates the parietal bones from the occipital bone
What are the junctions in the skull? (3)
Bregma
Lambda
Pterion
Where is the bregma located?
Between frontal and 2 parietal bones
Where is the lambda located?
Between occipital and 2 parietal bones
What is the pterion?
Lateral meeting point of frontal, temporal, parietal, sphenoid bones, also where the middle meningeal artery courses through
Features of the occipital bone (7)
External occipital protuberance
Internal occipital protuberance
Clivus
Squamous part
External occipital crest
Occipitomastoid suture
Foramen magnum
Name of the suture between the two frontal bones in a neonatal skull
Metopic suture
What is the function of the fontanelle in a neonatal skull?
Allows head to pass through vaginal canal without compressing the brain
Closes in the first year of life
3 sections of the internal surface of the cranial cavity
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa/cerebellum
What is the anterior cranial fossa demarcated by?
Lesser wing of sphenoid bone
What is the middle cranial fossa demarcated by?
Petrous part of temporal bone
Features of the sphenoid bone
Body/Sella turcica a. Tuberculum sellae (elevation behind chiasmatic groove) b. Pituitary fossa (location of pituitary gland) c. Dorsum sellae (forms posterior wall of sella turcica)
Anterior and posterior clinoid processes
Greater and lesser wing
Features of the anterior cranial fossa
Orbital plate of frontal bone
Cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
Small perforations for olfactory nerve
Features of middle cranial fossa
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Optic canal
Features of posterial cranial fossa
Occipital bone + foramen magnum
Clivus lies anterior to foramen magnum
Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen between clivus and petrous temporal bones
Hypoglossal canal on each side of foramen magnum
Location of jugular foramen
Between clivus and petrous temporal bones
What frontal and ethmoid bones make up the floor of the cranial cavity?
F: orbital plate E: cribiform plate
What sphenoid features make up the floor of the cranial cavity? (6)
Body
Lesser wing
Anterior clinoid process
Greater wing
Hypophysial fossa
Posterior clinoid process
What temporal and occipital bones make up the floor of the cranial cavity?
T: squamous and petrous parts O: basilar part (clivus), internal occipital protuberance
3 divisions of the brain
Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
What does the hollow space in the neural tube develop into?
Ventricles of the brain
What does the prosencephalon become, and what division of the brain does it make up?
Telencephalon and diencephalon, forebrain
What does the rhombencephalon become, and what division of the brain does it make up?
Cerebellum and pons, and myeloencephalon, hindbrain
When do cells of the neural groove proliferate to become the neural tube?
Week 5
What does the telencephalon become?
Cerebral hemispheres (sulci and gyri)
What does the diencephalon become?
Nuclei/basal ganglia of brain, located deep to sulci and gyri
What is the brain stem made up of?
Midbrain, pons and medulla
Superolateral surfaces of the brain
Cerebrum and cerebellum
What are sulci and gyri?
Sulci are grooves, while gyri are bumps between sulci
3 important sulci and locations
Central sulcus: divides frontal lobe from parietal lobe
Lateral sulcus: divides temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes
Parietooccipital sulcus: between parietal and occipital lobes
Lobes of cerebral cortex (7)
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes Insula, limbic, uncus lobes
What does the limbic lobe control?
Emotions and memory
What does the uncus lobe control?
Olfactory senses
Features of a horizontal section of the cerebrum (6)
Cerebral cortex
White matter
Deep grey matter
Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Lateral ventricle
Definition of cerebral cortex
Outermost layer of gray matter Surface area highly folded into sulci and gyri
Definition of white matter
Groups of myelinated axons that connect to other regions or the spinal cord
Definition of deep grey matter
Collection of neuron cell bodies lying within the nervous system
Name the meninges (3)
1a. Dura: periosteal layer 1b. Dura: meningeal layer 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater
Which layer of meninges dips into the sulci and gyri?
Pia mater
What does the subarachnoid space contain?
Cerebrospinal fluid that flows from ventricles, and blood vessels
Where is the periosteal layer of the dura attached to?
Inner surface of the cranial cavity
What does the dural venous sinus contain?
Venous blood
Dura partitions
Falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, and diaphragma sellae