Rise and Consolidation - Germany and Cuba

Flashcards covering the rise and consolidation of power in Germany and Cuba, as well as foreign policy and internal opposition.

Who was the leader of Germany between 1888 and 1918?

Kaiser Wilhelm II

How much did Germany have to pay in reparations through the Treaty of Versailles?

6.6 billion (GBP)

What was the maximum number of soldiers allowed in the German Army after the treaty?

100,000

Who chose the chancellor in the new Weimar Republic?

The President

What is the name of the voting system used by the new Weimar Republic?

Proportional Representation

Which part of the new constitution gave the President the right to rule without the Reichstag in an emergency?

Article 48

During which years did the Weimar Republic become stable, making agreements with the allies and plans to improve Germany’s economy?

1923-1929- Golden Years/ Stresemann Era

How many people became unemployed in Germany following the Wall Street Crash and Great Depression?

6 million

What other economic problem had the Weimar Republic faced in 1923?

Hyperinflation

Give 3 changes that Hitler made to the German Workers Party when he joined it in 1920?

Flag- swastika, Name- National Socialist German Workers Party, ideology- 25 point programme

Give 3 aims that Hitler communicated in his book ‘Mein Kampf’

Anti-semitism, Anti-communism, Lebensraum, Reversing the Treaty of Versailles.

When and where did Hitler stage a failed coup in 1923?

1923 Munich

Who became director of Propaganda for the Nazi party?

Goebbels

What was the main social division in inter-war Germany?

Class

Name the popular German belief that the authoritarian elite were expected to manage modernization without giving up power.

Sonderweg

How many men did Hitler have in his police force (mainly made up of SA and SS by 1933?

50,000

Name the Nazi newspaper used to promote their ideas from 1920.

People’s Observer

What word is used to describe the obedience expectations of Hitler’s leadership?

Fuhrerprinzip

How many points did Hitler’s programme have?

25

Name the President of Germany in 1933.

Hindenburg

What was the Platt Amendment, 1901 and when was it abolished?

US had right to intervene. 1934

Who ruled Cuba as a dictator from 1927 to 1933?

Machado

When did Batista launch a coup and create his dictatorship?

1952

Where did Fidel Castro go to university and what experiences did he have here?

Havana, activism, military training, speeches

Where did the Castro brothers attack on 26 July 1953?

Moncada barracks

What famous speech did Castro make whilst on trial after the Moncada Barracks attack?

History will absolve me

What were the 5 revolutionary laws?

Reinstate constitution of 1940, Land Rights, Shared profits to workers in industries (30%), Sugar planters 50% profit share, action to stop corruption.

What did Castro name his opposition group following his release from prison?

26th July Movement

Name 3 commanders who developed Castro’s Guerilla Warfare.

Raul Castro, Che Guevara, Camilo Cienfuegos

How much Cuban land did the US own by 1950?

½

Who wrote articles about Castro, published in the NY Times and what impact did this have?

Herbert Matthews- US support, Hero status/ Robin Hood

In what year did the Communist PSP start to formally support Castro?

1958

What was the name of the Pact in 1958 which made Castro the official opposition leader?

Caracas

When did Batista resign and flee?

31st Dec 1958

What speech did Castro make the day before he entered Havana without opposition?

Revolution begins now

What % of Cuba’s population were unemployed by 1957?

17%

How many arson attacks did Castro’s troops carry out in 1958?

30,000

What was the name of the radio station which Castro used to spread his messages?

Radio Rebelde

What is Cubiana?

Collective national interests of Cuba- modernization socially and economically on Cuban terms.

In what year did the US place an arms embargo on Cuba?

1958

What % of the popular vote did the Nazis win in March 1933?

43%

What powers did the Enabling Act give to Hitler?

Make laws and policies without the Reichstag.

By what month and year had all other political parties been banned in Germany?

July 1933

What does Gleichschaltung mean?

Co-ordination/ bringing into line.

Who led the police in Nazi Germany?

Himmler

How many people are thought to have been murdered on the Night of the Long Knives?

400

What was the Hitler Myth?

Hitler was a moderate and thoughtful leader- in contrast to rough factions of the nazi party.

What % of the press was owned by the Nazis by 1944?

82%

What was the official greeting in Nazi Germany?

Heil Hitler salute

What were Triumph of Will and The Eternal Jew examples of?

Propaganda films

Why was political opposition weak in Nazi Germany?

Political parties were banned

What was the name of the SPD in exile?

SOPAD

In what year were the leaders of the Cologne Edelweiss Pirates hanged?

1944

Name the brother and sister who led the White Rose Group.

Hans and Sophie Scholl

Which court put opponents of the Nazis on trial?

The People’s Court

Who led the July Bomb Plot in 1944?

Stauffenberg

How many people were killed in purge after the July Bomb Plot?

5000

What was the Confessional Church?

Breakaway, anti-Nazi branch of Christian Church

What happened to Bonhoeffer?

Trained opponents, was arrested, concentration camp and executed in 1945

Why was the execution of Bishop Galen seen as risky by the Nazis?

He was popular- could cause more opposition

List Hitler’s 4 foreign policy aims.

Reverse the Treaty of Versailles, anti communist, create Lebensraum, unite German speaking people.

In what year did Hitler reintroduce conscription?

1935

Give 2 reasons why conscription was popular in Germany.

Reduced unemployment, against the T of V

Explain why the remilitarization of the Rhineland was popular in Germany.

Would protect this important industrial area

What evidence is there for the positive impact of Anschluss on Hitler’s popularity and control?

Hitler held a plebiscite (vote)- 99% voted to approve Anschluss. Made it look ‘legal’

Why were Hitler’s actions in Czechoslovakia so popular with German people?

Hitler claimed 3 million German people living as persecuted minorities + economic benefits

Give 3 examples of foreign policy successes in the early 1940s.

Blitzkrieg- Defeat of France, Belgium, Netherlands, Yugoslavia, Greece, Operation Barbarossa- USSR

Give an example of a foreign policy defeat which may have resulted in growing opposition towards the Nazis.

Stalingrad, Battle of Kursk, Battle of Britain

Give an example of how Hitler showed peaceful ‘diplomacy’ skills.

Treaty of Berlin, Non aggression pact with Poland. Munich agreement,

How did the Nazis manage foreign policy defeats and failures to avoid damage to their internal control?

Propaganda/ Media

Until what year did Castro govern without a written constitution?

1976

Which law created a Council of Ministers which could amend the law based on a 2/3 vote?

Fundamental Law, 1959

What was the OPRC?

Office of Revolutionary Plans and Coordination. Later the INRA- Institutio Nacional de Reforma Agrraria- effectively governing bodies.

Name the intelligence and security force.

G2

What was the name given to labour camps?

UMAP- Military Units to Aid Production

What % of the population joined the CDRs (Committees for the Defence of the Revolution)?

80%

What was the name of the official newspaper?

Granma

Which radio station was used to promote Castro?

Radio Havana

How often did Castro make speeches?

Daily

What was a unique attraction of ‘Castrosim’?

Visited people on the streets to discuss dissatisfaction and basic issues.

How did Castro use the Bay of Pigs invasion to strengthen his control?

Defender vs Aggressor, victory for Cuba

How did the Bay of Pigs invasion lead to the Cuban Missile Crisis?

USSR placed missiles on Cuba

Give 1 way that the Cuban Missile Crisis helped Castro to consolidate his control.

USA promised no further invasions of Cuba.

Give 1 way that the CMC hindered/ weakened Castro.

Pushed towards USSR, had been left out of diplomatic negotiations- puppet?

How did Castro’s relationship with the USSR limit his foreign policy in the 1960s?

Wanted to avoid any further conflict with the USA

Where did Castro commit troops to help Marxism in 1971?

Chile

Which foreign policy aim does Castro fulfil in his visits to African countries, including Somalia, Tanzania and Libya between 1975-1977?

Anti-imperialist/ pro-marxism

What did Castro’s ability to travel abroad prove about his control in Cuba?

No risk of rebellion in his absence.

Where did Castro support a revolutionary movement in 1979, leading to prestige for his leadership?

Nicaragua

What did Castro becoming head of the non aligned movement suggest about Castro’s control?

Recognized his success/ independent of USSR/ UN status

Which country was Castro prepared to take on in 1982?

Britain- Falkland Islands

Why did Castro receive international criticism about his foreign policy?

Accused of being selective/ interfering rather than helping

What happened to Matos in 1959?

Arrested- criticised Castro’s alliance with communism. Treason. 20 yrs in prison.

How many Cubans emigrated to the US after the Mariel Boatlift?

125,000

In what year was the Mariel Boatlift?

1980

Who organized the Varela Project?

Christian Liberation Movement

Why was Valladares arrested?

Opposing communism

What status did Valladares later achieve?

US ambassador UN

Why was Ochoa executed?

Challenge to Castro’s control

Give 2 examples of how Castro dealt with opposition.

Exile, labour camps, execution, imprisonment