Chemistry - Unit 1

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definite composition

a substance has a fixed or specific ratio of its components. an example of this would be water (H₂O)

variable composition

a substance whose components are not in fixed ratios. an example of this would be mixtures such as air or salad

atom

the smallest unit of an element which retains the properties of the element.

element

a pure substance that consists of only one type of atom

compound

a substance made of two or more different elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio (e.g., water, carbon dioxide)

pure substance

a material with a constant composition and distinct properties, consisting of either elements or compounds

mixture

a combination of two or more substances where each retains its individual properties and can be physically separated (e.g., salad, air)

sublimation

the phase transition of a substance from a solid directly to a gas without passing through the liquid phase

intensive properties

properties that do not depend on the amount of matter in a sample, such as temperature, pressure, and density

chemical properties

properties that describe the ability of a substance to undergo chemical reactions and form new substances (e.g., reactivity, flammability)

physical properties

properties that can be observed or measured without changing the chemical composition of a substance (e.g., color, boiling point, density)

alloy

a mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and a nonmetal, typically created to enhance certain properties (e.g., steel, bronze)

filtration

a physical process used to separate solids from liquids or gases using a filter medium (e.g., filtering water or coffee)

extensive properties

properties that depend on the amount of matter present, such as mass, volume, and energy

heterogeneous mixture

a mixture in which the components are not evenly distributed and can often be visibly distinguished (e.g., a salad, granite)

physical states

the distinct forms in which matter can exist: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma

matter

anything that has mass and occupies space

liquid

a state of matter characterized by a definite volume but no definite shape; it takes the shape of its container

solid

a state of matter with a fixed shape and volume, where particles are tightly packed and only vibrate in place

liquid

a state of matter characterized by a definite volume but no definite shape. It takes the shape of its container

gas

a state of matter with neither a definite shape nor volume; gas particles are far apart and move freely

precipitate

a solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction

solution

a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, where one (solute) is dissolved in the other (solvent), such as saltwater

distillation

a separation process that relies on differences in boiling points to separate components of a liquid mixture (e.g., separating alcohol from water)

homogeneous mixture

a mixture in which the components are uniformly distributed, and the composition is the same throughout (e.g., air, saltwater)

colloid

a mixture in which small particles are dispersed throughout a medium but do not settle out, and the mixture appears homogeneous (e.g., milk, fog)

molecule

a group of two or more atoms bonded together, representing the smallest unit of a compound that retains its chemical properties

physical change

a change that alters the appearance or form of a substance but does not change its chemical composition (e.g., melting, boiling)

chemical change

a change in which a substance transforms into a different substance with a new chemical composition, often accompanied by energy release or absorption (e.g., rusting, burning)

properties that depend on the amount of matter present

extensive properties

properties that do not depend on the amount of matter present

intensive properties

any property that produces a change in the composition of matter

chemical properties

any characteristic of a material that can be observed or measured

without changing the composition of the substances in the material

physical properties

a separation technique of liquid mixtures based on the differences
in boiling points

distillation

a technique used to separate solids from liquids

filtration

a mixture where the components are not uniformly distributed
throughout and are noticeably different from one another

heterogeneous mixture

a mixture where the components are uniformly distributed
throughout

homogeneous mixtures

a mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a
metal, which has characteristic properties of a metal

alloy

the elements in a given compound are always combined in the same
proportion by mass

definite composition

the components of a mixture can be combined in any amounts

variable composition

has a definite set of characteristic properties and is composed of
one kind of particle

pure substance

exhibits properties that are a mixture of the properties of the
substances they contain and contain more than one kind of particle

mixture

a substance that is made of two or more kinds of atoms combined
in fixed proportions and can be broken down into simpler substances

compound

a substance that is made of only one kind of atom and cannot be
broken down into simpler substances

element

the simplest unit of matter

atom

solid changes directly to a gas without first becoming a liquid

sublimation

one of the principal conditions in which matter exists: solid, liquid
and gas

physical states

anything that has mass and takes up space

matter

one of the three states of matter that has definite volume and
takes the shape of its container

liquid

one of the three states of matter that has a definite shape and
volume

solid

one of the three states of matter that has no definite shape or
volume

gas

the solid that forms in a reaction between two solutions

precipitate

another name for a homogeneous mixture

solution

a mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed
insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance

colloid

a collection of atoms bonded together that behaves as a unit

molecule

a change in the form of a substance that does not affect the
composition of a substance

physical change

the change of substances into other substances through a
reorganization of the atoms

chemical change

is mass a physical/chemical property or a physical/chemical change?

physical property

is metaling temperature a physical/chemical property or a physical/chemical change?

physical property

is a bicycle rusting after it is left in the rain a physical/chemical property or a physical/chemical change?

chemical change

is ice forming when water is placed in a freezer a physical/chemical property or a physical/chemical change?

physical change

is evaporation a physical/chemical property or a physical/chemical change?

physical change

is cutting a carrot a physical/chemical property or a physical/chemical change?

physical change

is sugar dissolving in tea a physical/chemical property or a physical/chemical change?

physical change

is frying an egg a physical/chemical property or a physical/chemical change?

chemical change

is flammability a physical/chemical property or a physical/chemical change?

chemical property

is baking cookies a physical/chemical property or a physical/chemical change?

chemical change

is watercolor paint drying a physical/chemical property or a physical/chemical change?

physical change

is volume a physical/chemical property or a physical/chemical change?

physical property

is ability to tarnish a physical/chemical property or a physical/chemical change?

chemical property

is thermal conductivity a physical/chemical property or a physical/chemical change?

physical property

is malleability a physical/chemical property or a physical/chemical change?

physical property

is supports combustion a physical/chemical property or a physical/chemical change?

chemical property

is produces a gas a physical/chemical property or a physical/chemical change?

chemical change

is forms a blue solid a physical/chemical property or a physical/chemical change?

chemical change

is ductility a physical/chemical property or a physical/chemical change?

physical property

is ability to oxidize a physical/chemical property or a physical/chemical change?

chemical property

what two classifications of matter can be considered pure substances?

element and compound

of solids, liquids, and gases, which one(s) of these states of matter are significantly compressible?

gases

if matter is uniform throughout and cannot be separated into other substances by physical means, it is __________

element or a compound

gases and liquids share the property of __________

compressibility

which one of the following is not an intensive property?

mass

what is the difference between an intensive and an extensive property?

intensive properties don’t depend on the amount of substance whereas extensive properties do

is mass intensive or extensive?

extensive

is temperature intensive or extensive?

intensive

is heat content intensive or extensive?

extensive

is volume intensive or extensive?

extensive

is amount intensive or extensive?

extensive