1.3 Social, regional and ethnic divisions: Divisions within and between North, South and West, the position of AA

Immigrant Groups

Various people who migrated to the US, including Germans, Swedes, Irish, Scots, and Chinese.

Pull Factors

Conditions that attract people to migrate to a certain area, such as vast empty land and expanding industries in America.

Nativism

The policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Yellow Peril

A racist term that reflects a fear of Asian immigration and the perceived threat it posed to Western society.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Stopped the migration of ‘skilled or unskilled’ Chinese workers → This made it difficult for Chinese people to enter America and hard t return after leaving 

Lynching

The act of killing someone without legal trial, often applied to African Americans during this period.

Sharecropping

A system where African Americans would farm land owned by someone else in exchange for a share of the crops.

Freedmen Schools

Educational institutions established to educate formerly enslaved African Americans after the Civil War.

Granger Movement

An organization founded in 1867 to advance farmers' interests and address their economic needs in the US.

Knights of Labor

A nationwide trade union founded in 1869 aimed at advocating for the rights of workers.

Booker T. Washington

African American educator and leader who advocated for vocational education and economic self-reliance.

Indian New Deal

FDR's policy in 1934 aimed at restoring tribal sovereignty and improving the living conditions of Native Americans.

Melting Pot

The idea that various immigrant groups would blend into a cohesive culture in the United States.

Irish Settlements

Urban communities predominantly established by Irish immigrants in American cities.

Chinese Laborers

Workers primarily involved in the construction of railroads in America, contributing significantly to the economy.

Political Divisions

Disagreements regarding voting rights for African Americans and women during the late 19th century.

Economic Divisions

Class distinctions, notably between affluent agricultural interests and poor farmers in America.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women's rights convention held in 1848, marking the start of the feminist movement.

14th Amendment

Grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US, often impacting voting rights.

15th Amendment

Prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on race.

Chinatown

An ethnic enclave for Chinese immigrants in urban areas, such as San Francisco.

Districts of Big Cities

Urban areas that became predominantly occupied by specific immigrant groups, leading to cultural enclaves.

Tensions with Old Immigrants

Hostility that new immigrants faced from established immigrant groups, affecting integration.

African American Education

Emerging institutions and schools aimed at providing educational opportunities for freed slaves.

Racial Discrimination in the South

The systemic oppression and disenfranchisement faced by African Americans in the post-Reconstruction South.

Cultural Enclaves

Communities formed by immigrant groups which maintained their cultural identity in a new country.

Urban Areas

Cities where many immigrants settled, particularly during the mass immigration period.

Economic Needs of Farmers

Farmers often faced challenges related to loans, seed access, and economic stability.

Civil Rights Movement

An effort advocating for the rights and social justice of African Americans post-Civil War.

1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie

An agreement intended to protect Native American lands, often violated by settlers.

African American Independence

A movement toward self-determination reflected in name changes, migrations, and educational pursuits.

Racial Hostility

Feelings of distrust and opposition towards certain racial or ethnic groups, evident towards immigrants.

Cultural Assimilation

The process by which immigrants adopt the cultural norms of a host country, often diminishing their original cultural identity.

Americanization

Efforts aimed at educating immigrants about American culture and values to promote their integration into society.

Influx of Immigrants

The large-scale migration of people into a country, significantly impacting demographics and cultural landscapes.

Labor Unions

Organized groups that advocate for workers' rights and benefits through collective bargaining.

Racial Segregation

The enforced separation of different racial groups in daily life, particularly prominent in Southern states.