Psych 100 Final

Motivation

Process that guides, maintains, and arouses behavior towards a goal.

Emotion

Feeling state with physiological, behavioral, and cognitive components.

Needs

Internal 'pushes' that interact with incentives.

Incentives

External 'pulls' that interact with needs.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of steady biological states like temperature.

Hypothalamus

Brain area regulating hunger, thirst, and emotions.

Intrinsic motivators

Internal rewards like interest influencing behavior.

Anorexia and bulimia

Associated with body size overestimation and low self-esteem.

Arousal-performance relationship

Inverted U-shaped curve showing optimal arousal levels.

Temperament

General pattern of attention, arousal, and mood from birth.

Personality traits

Stable patterns of thinking and decision-making.

Carl Jung's theory

Personality structure based on introversion and extroversion.

Self-concept

Mental picture of one's personality from daily experiences.

Self-esteem

Confidence, self-respect, and effectiveness in various roles.

Humanistic Psychology

Emphasizes positive human image and freedom of choice.

Behaviorist theories

Personality structure based on learned behavior patterns.

Personality assessment

Methods like interviews and tests to predict behavior at work or school.

Standardized tool

A reliable and valid personality assessment instrument.

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Objective personality test using inkblots for interpretation.

Psychodynamic approach

Therapy based on unconscious thoughts and unresolved conflicts.

Id

Freudian personality part operating on the pleasure principle.

Defense mechanisms

Strategies to reduce anxiety from personality conflicts.

Self-actualization

Fulfilling personal potential and growth.

Behaviorists

Believe personality is shaped by conditioning and learning.

Psychopathology

Study of mental disorders like schizophrenia and depression.

Statistical methods

Define 'abnormal' based on extreme scores related to disorders.

DSM-5

Key tool for diagnosing and treating mental disorders.

Major depressive disorder

Severe form of depressive disorder impacting daily life.

Bipolar disorder

Involves episodes of depression and mania.

Somatic symptom disorder

Physical symptoms with no medical basis.

Comorbidity

Presence of multiple mental disorders simultaneously.

Psychologist David Rosenhan

Studied labels and expectations in mental disorder treatment.

Delusional disorders

Include deeply-held false beliefs as a key symptom.

Alzheimer's disease

Neurocognitive disorder affecting memory and daily activities.

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Combines cognitive and behavior therapies for mental health.

Schizophrenia

Mental disorder with dopamine sensitivity and genetic factors.

Psychotherapy

Psychological technique for positive personality and behavior changes.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Involves re-living traumatic events with symptoms like nightmares and flashbacks

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Extreme preoccupation leading to repetitive behaviors

Phobias

Intense fears of specific objects or activities causing debilitation

Psychoanalysis

Therapeutic techniques by Freud to uncover subconscious conflicts

Stress-vulnerability model

Predicts how genetics and stressors contribute to psychopathology

Four main schools of psychology

Psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, and behavioral perspectives

Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA)

Uses principles of classical and operant conditioning for behavior change

Token economies

Primarily use operant conditioning principles to change behavior

Cognitive therapists

Directly change thinking patterns to address emotions and behaviors

Humanistic therapists

Believe in natural growth and insight to help clients understand themselves

Group therapy

Offers support, insight, and experiential learning in a social setting

Standard Deviation

Measure of data dispersion around the mean in statistics

Significant difference in research

Indicates experimental treatment effect, not due to chance

APA research article sections

Include abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, references

Experimental research publication

Enhances credibility, allows replication, and peer review

Stroop Effect

Participants show faster responses to incongruent stimuli

Pharmacotherapy

Treatment of mental disorders using drugs like SSRIs and antipsychoticsFundamental Memory Processes

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

Describes memory stages as sensory, short-term, and long-term.

Sensory Memory

Briefly holds incoming information for seconds or less.

Working Memory

Short-term memory used for thinking and problem-solving.

Long-Term Memory Duration

Information can be retained for many years.

Rehearsal for Memory Storage

Increases chances of short-term memory transfer to long-term.

Elaborative Processing

Relating new information to personal experiences for memory retention.

Chunking for Memory

Rearranging information into meaningful groups for easier recall.

Passive Thought

Effortless, automatic thinking.

Concept Formation

Classifying information into meaningful categories.

Prototype Model

Ideal example representing a concept.

Language in Thinking

Words encode the world for mental manipulation.

Syntax Development

Putting words together for longer sentences with proper grammar.

Functional Fixedness

Getting stuck on using an object in one way for problem-solving.

Divergent Thinking

Finding multiple solutions from one starting point.

Special Aptitude Test

Predicts success in specific areas like clerical work.

Reliability of Tests

Consistency in test results over time.

Test Standardization

Formalizing testing procedures and establishing statistical norms.

Validity of Tests

Measures what it claims to measure.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Assesses intelligence from age 2 to adulthood.

IQ Score Interpretation

Reflects test performance relative to same-age peers.

IQ Score Distribution

Approximates a normal curve with most scores near the mean.

Short-Term Memory Capacity

Factors like interference and interruption reduce it.

Statistical Significance

Probability results were not due to chance

APA Research Article Sections

Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, References

Experimental Research Publication

Ensures scientific procedures, aids replication, enhances credibility

Eyewitness Testimony Accuracy

Confidence correlates with accuracy, stress impairs perception

Learning Definition

Relatively permanent behavior change due to experience

Associative Learning

Simple connection between stimuli or stimulus-response

Classical Conditioning Learning

Neutral stimulus elicits conditioned response

Operant Conditioning Basis

Learning from consequences of behavior

Conditioned Stimulus Example

Sound of clap triggering blink response

Pavlov's Contribution

Known for classical conditioning experiments

Behavior Reinforcement Process

Teaching behavior through rewarding closer approximations

Extinction in Operant Conditioning

Weakening response without reinforcement

Spontaneous Recovery

Brief return of response post-extinction

Positive Reinforcement

Rewarding to increase behavior likelihood

Shaping in Operant Conditioning

Rewarding closer approximations to desired response

Phobia Characteristics

Often conditional, persists without real danger, can be treated with desensitization

Systematic desensitization

Therapeutic technique for phobias

Primary reinforcer

Intracranial self-stimulation, food, money, or sex

Secondary reinforcers

Learned or acquired reinforcers

Schedules of reinforcement

Plans for determining when to reinforce responses

Continuous reinforcement

Reinforcer follows each correct response

Partial reinforcement

Reinforcing some correct responses

Negative reinforcement vs. negative punishment

Negative reinforcement removes aversive; punishment adds aversive

FR-6 schedule

Reinforcer received after every 6 correct responses