Psych 100 Final

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Psychology

157 Terms

1
Motivation
Process that guides, maintains, and arouses behavior towards a goal.
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2
Emotion
Feeling state with physiological, behavioral, and cognitive components.
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3
Needs
Internal 'pushes' that interact with incentives.
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4
Incentives
External 'pulls' that interact with needs.
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5
Homeostasis
Maintenance of steady biological states like temperature.
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6
Hypothalamus
Brain area regulating hunger, thirst, and emotions.
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7
Intrinsic motivators
Internal rewards like interest influencing behavior.
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8
Anorexia and bulimia
Associated with body size overestimation and low self-esteem.
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9
Arousal-performance relationship
Inverted U-shaped curve showing optimal arousal levels.
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10
Temperament
General pattern of attention, arousal, and mood from birth.
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11
Personality traits
Stable patterns of thinking and decision-making.
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12
Carl Jung's theory
Personality structure based on introversion and extroversion.
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13
Self-concept
Mental picture of one's personality from daily experiences.
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14
Self-esteem
Confidence, self-respect, and effectiveness in various roles.
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15
Humanistic Psychology
Emphasizes positive human image and freedom of choice.
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16
Behaviorist theories
Personality structure based on learned behavior patterns.
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17
Personality assessment
Methods like interviews and tests to predict behavior at work or school.
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18
Standardized tool
A reliable and valid personality assessment instrument.
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19
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Objective personality test using inkblots for interpretation.
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20
Psychodynamic approach
Therapy based on unconscious thoughts and unresolved conflicts.
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21
Id
Freudian personality part operating on the pleasure principle.
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22
Defense mechanisms
Strategies to reduce anxiety from personality conflicts.
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23
Self-actualization
Fulfilling personal potential and growth.
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24
Behaviorists
Believe personality is shaped by conditioning and learning.
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25
Psychopathology
Study of mental disorders like schizophrenia and depression.
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26
Statistical methods
Define 'abnormal' based on extreme scores related to disorders.
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27
DSM-5
Key tool for diagnosing and treating mental disorders.
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28
Major depressive disorder
Severe form of depressive disorder impacting daily life.
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29
Bipolar disorder
Involves episodes of depression and mania.
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30
Somatic symptom disorder
Physical symptoms with no medical basis.
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31
Comorbidity
Presence of multiple mental disorders simultaneously.
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32
Psychologist David Rosenhan
Studied labels and expectations in mental disorder treatment.
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33
Delusional disorders
Include deeply-held false beliefs as a key symptom.
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34
Alzheimer's disease
Neurocognitive disorder affecting memory and daily activities.
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35
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Combines cognitive and behavior therapies for mental health.
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36
Schizophrenia
Mental disorder with dopamine sensitivity and genetic factors.
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37
Psychotherapy
Psychological technique for positive personality and behavior changes.
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38
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Involves re-living traumatic events with symptoms like nightmares and flashbacks
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39
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Extreme preoccupation leading to repetitive behaviors
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40
Phobias
Intense fears of specific objects or activities causing debilitation
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41
Psychoanalysis
Therapeutic techniques by Freud to uncover subconscious conflicts
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42
Stress-vulnerability model
Predicts how genetics and stressors contribute to psychopathology
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43
Four main schools of psychology
Psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, and behavioral perspectives
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44
Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA)
Uses principles of classical and operant conditioning for behavior change
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45
Token economies
Primarily use operant conditioning principles to change behavior
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46
Cognitive therapists
Directly change thinking patterns to address emotions and behaviors
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Humanistic therapists
Believe in natural growth and insight to help clients understand themselves
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48
Group therapy
Offers support, insight, and experiential learning in a social setting
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49
Standard Deviation
Measure of data dispersion around the mean in statistics
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50
Significant difference in research
Indicates experimental treatment effect, not due to chance
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51
APA research article sections
Include abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, references
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52
Experimental research publication
Enhances credibility, allows replication, and peer review
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53
Stroop Effect
Participants show faster responses to incongruent stimuli
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54
Pharmacotherapy
Treatment of mental disorders using drugs like SSRIs and antipsychoticsFundamental Memory Processes
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55
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
Describes memory stages as sensory, short-term, and long-term.
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56
Sensory Memory
Briefly holds incoming information for seconds or less.
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57
Working Memory
Short-term memory used for thinking and problem-solving.
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Long-Term Memory Duration
Information can be retained for many years.
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Rehearsal for Memory Storage
Increases chances of short-term memory transfer to long-term.
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60
Elaborative Processing
Relating new information to personal experiences for memory retention.
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61
Chunking for Memory
Rearranging information into meaningful groups for easier recall.
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62
Passive Thought
Effortless, automatic thinking.
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63
Concept Formation
Classifying information into meaningful categories.
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64
Prototype Model
Ideal example representing a concept.
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65
Language in Thinking
Words encode the world for mental manipulation.
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66
Syntax Development
Putting words together for longer sentences with proper grammar.
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67
Functional Fixedness
Getting stuck on using an object in one way for problem-solving.
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Divergent Thinking
Finding multiple solutions from one starting point.
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69
Special Aptitude Test
Predicts success in specific areas like clerical work.
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70
Reliability of Tests
Consistency in test results over time.
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71
Test Standardization
Formalizing testing procedures and establishing statistical norms.
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Validity of Tests
Measures what it claims to measure.
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73
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
Assesses intelligence from age 2 to adulthood.
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IQ Score Interpretation
Reflects test performance relative to same-age peers.
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IQ Score Distribution
Approximates a normal curve with most scores near the mean.
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76
Short-Term Memory Capacity
Factors like interference and interruption reduce it.
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77
Statistical Significance
Probability results were not due to chance
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78
APA Research Article Sections
Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, References
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79
Experimental Research Publication
Ensures scientific procedures, aids replication, enhances credibility
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80
Eyewitness Testimony Accuracy
Confidence correlates with accuracy, stress impairs perception
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81
Learning Definition
Relatively permanent behavior change due to experience
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82
Associative Learning
Simple connection between stimuli or stimulus-response
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83
Classical Conditioning Learning
Neutral stimulus elicits conditioned response
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84
Operant Conditioning Basis
Learning from consequences of behavior
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85
Conditioned Stimulus Example
Sound of clap triggering blink response
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86
Pavlov's Contribution
Known for classical conditioning experiments
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87
Behavior Reinforcement Process
Teaching behavior through rewarding closer approximations
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88
Extinction in Operant Conditioning
Weakening response without reinforcement
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Spontaneous Recovery
Brief return of response post-extinction
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90
Positive Reinforcement
Rewarding to increase behavior likelihood
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91
Shaping in Operant Conditioning
Rewarding closer approximations to desired response
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92
Phobia Characteristics
Often conditional, persists without real danger, can be treated with desensitization
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Systematic desensitization
Therapeutic technique for phobias
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94
Primary reinforcer
Intracranial self-stimulation, food, money, or sex
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95
Secondary reinforcers
Learned or acquired reinforcers
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96
Schedules of reinforcement
Plans for determining when to reinforce responses
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97
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcer follows each correct response
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98
Partial reinforcement
Reinforcing some correct responses
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99
Negative reinforcement vs. negative punishment
Negative reinforcement removes aversive; punishment adds aversive
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100
FR-6 schedule
Reinforcer received after every 6 correct responses
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