mizzou bio 1020 exam 3

kingdom monera

kingdom monera

bacteria and blue green algae

-prokaryotic

eukaryotic kingdoms

kingdom protista, kingdom plantae, kingdom fungi, kingdom animalia

single cellular, eukaryotic

kingdom protista

multicellular, eukaryotic

kingdom plantae, kingdom fungi, kingdom animalia

multicellular, eukaryotic, no cell wall

kingdom animalia

multicellular, eukaryotic, with a cell wall

kingdom plantae, kingdom fungi

multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic

kingdom animalia, kingdom fungi

multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic

kingdom plantae

monera

-single celled

-prokaryotic

-either autotrophic (blue-green algae) or heterotrophic by absorption (bacteria)

how are bacterial types classified?

shape, diplo (pair of cells joined together), strepto (chain of cells), or staphylo (clusters of cells)

fungi

-multicellular

-eukaryotic

-heterotrophic by absorption

-have a cell wall

hyphae (fungi)

-thread like cells that form a mat which is the mycelium

-obtain nutrients by absorbing across cell walls of hyphae

mycelium (fungi)

-mass of hyphae

-forms the body of the fungus

sporangia (fungi)

-spore bearing structure

-spores are used to reproduce

kingdom plantae

-multicellular

-eukaryotic

-autotrophic

-cell walls

bryophyta (moss)

-no vascular tissue

-spores

pterophyta (ferns)

-vascular tissue

-spores

coniferophyta (pines and firs)

-vascular tissue

-seeds in cones

anthophyta (flowers, veggies, fruits, trees, grasses)

-vascular tissue

-seeds in flowers or fruit

kingdom animalia

-eukaryotic

-multicellular

-heterotrophic

porifera (animalia)

-sponges

-sessile

-filter food out of the water as it passes through their body

-ingest their food

cindaria

-coral, anamones, jellyfish

-sessile

-predators that use their stinging cells to capture tiny animals for food to ingest

platyhelminthes

-flatworms, tapeworms, flukes, planaira

-flattened

-some are parasitic

-ingest food through a tube like structure that extrand from the body

annelida

-earthworms, leeches

-also worm-like

-segmented, have a coelom

mollusca

-clams, snails, slugs, octopus

-coelum

-mantle

anthropoda

-insects, spiders, millipedes, lobsters, crayfish

-coelom, segmented

-exoskeleton

-jointed appendages

echinodermata

-starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers

-only in ocean

-coelom

-only animals to have a 5 fold symmetry

chordata

-fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

-coelom

-notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits

exponential growth (biotic potential)

-fixed rate of increase

-the rate of increase of a population under ideal conditions, exponential growth curve that includes death rates

-J-shaped curve

-population has not reached carrying capacity

logistic growth

-limiting factors inhibit population growth when they are in limited supply

-population overshoots carrying capacity, levels off, then fluctuates

-s shaped curve

-growth is slow initially, then rapid until the carrying capacity is reached, finally slow again as the population reaches its carrying capacity

-limiting factors evident

limiting factors

something that prevents a population form achieving its biotic potential

carrying capacity

the maximum number of individuals of a population that a given area of habitat can support

estimate k

-avg number at which the population fluctuates

-can be estimated from population survey data or projected by assessing the habitat of the organism

survivorship curves

-type 1: survivorship high until old age, parental care (elephants, humans, etc)

-type 2: survivorship remains constant, not dependent on age (rodents, some birds)

-type 3: survivorship low early, then remains high until later in life (trees, weeds)

age structure

examined through a graph that compared sexually immature individuals, individuals that are sexually mature, and individuals that no longer reproduce

increasing/growing population

-broad base of pre-reproductives

stable population

bars on graph are approximately equal in width, roughly equal numbers of individuals in each age class

decreasing population

fewer reproductive individuals than post reproductive, pre reproductive class is even narrower, broad top and narrow base

survivorship

probability of surviving, varies with age

fecundity

reproductive output of and individual, the avg number of offspring produced by each female in the population

-age specific: how each age class contributes to population growth

net reproductive rate

expected number of offspring of a female during her lifetime

-r value

-greater than 1: growing

-less than 1: declining

trophic structure

the organization of a community based on the feeding relationship of the component populations

trophic level

position in the food chain

producer

autotrophs, primarily photosynthetic organisms

primary consumer

organisms that feed on producers, herbivores

secondary consumers

organisms that eat primary consumers, carnivores

tertiary consumers

organisms that eat secondary consumers, top predators

decomposer

organisms that obtain their energy and nutrients from dead organic matter (vulture, hyena, bacteria, fungi)

food web

a graphic representation of the feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem

ecological pyramids

a graphic representation of the trophic structure of an ecosystem in which numbers of or biomass are represented in a pyramid

competitive dominance

when one species is better at obtaining or holding space than another, or to displace the second species, the winner is then competitively dominant

niche

the ecological role of a species in an environment, includes all resources an organism needs and provides

habitat

the physical space occupied by an organism

abiotic

non-living components of an enviornment

biotic

organisms in the environment, living things

keystone species

a species that has a disproportionately large impact on its ecological community compared to its relatively low abundance

keystone predator

keystone species that are top predators in the community

natural selection

a natural process that results in the survival and reproductive success of individuals or groups best adjusted to their environment

variation

traits are better suited for the environment than others

heritability

part of the phenotype that is genetically based and is capable of being inherited

non random survival and reproduction

organisms who happen to be best suited to an environment survive and reproduce most successfully

gene flow

-exchange of genes by migration between 2 populations

-causes 2 populations to have similar gene pools

-causes speciation (populations becoming a new distinct species)

genetic drift

random changes in gene frequency due to sampling error, surviving population is noty representative of original population

central limit theorem

the tendency towards 50/50

population bottleneck

a type of genetic drift in which population size is sharply reduced due to some catastrophic event

founder effect

a type of genetic drift that occurs when only a small number of individuals from a population to establish a new population

mutation

-occur randomly

-mistakes in the placement of codes of the DNA

-can be helpful or harmful (or not do anything)

-source of genetic variation in the world