Comprehensive Memory Types, Brain Structures, and Disorders in Psychology

What is long-term memory (LTM)?

The storage and retrieval of an infinite amount of information held indefinitely.

What are the three types of explicit memory?

Episodic memory, autobiographical memory, and semantic memory.

What is episodic memory?

Memory for events in our life that can be recalled with source memory or sensory imagery.

What is semantic memory?

Memory for factual knowledge without source memory or sensory imagery.

Which brain structures are primarily involved in explicit memory?

The medial temporal lobes (MTL) and cerebral cortex.

What is implicit memory?

Memory that involves learned abilities to perform automatic behaviors, such as motor or cognitive skills.

What are the components of procedural memory?

Learned abilities to perform automatic behaviors, often assessed through tasks like the serial reaction time task.

What is priming in the context of memory?

A change in response to a stimulus following prior exposure.

What are the two types of associative learning?

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

What is anterograde amnesia?

Problems with forming new long-term memories.

What is retrograde amnesia?

Problems remembering past long-term memories.

What brain damage can lead to amnesia?

Damage to the medial temporal lobes (MTL).

Who is Patient HM and what is significant about his case?

A patient who suffered from anterograde amnesia after bilateral removal of the hippocampus and surrounding areas.

What caused Clive Wearing's amnesia?

Damage to the hippocampus from herpes simplex virus leading to both anterograde and retrograde amnesia.

What is the serial position effect?

The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle.

What is elaborative rehearsal?

Attaching meaning to information to be retained, enhancing memory performance.

What does the levels of processing (LOP) theory suggest?

The deeper the level of processing, the better the memory performance.

What is transfer appropriate processing?

When cognitive processes engaged during encoding match those during retrieval, improving memory performance.

What is the encoding specificity principle?

Memory is facilitated when conditions at retrieval match those from encoding.

What is context-dependent memory?

Memory that is influenced by the environmental or external contexts present during encoding.

What is state-dependent memory?

Memory that is influenced by the physiological state of the body during encoding.

What is the role of the amygdala in memory?

It is involved in emotional memory and associative learning.

What is the impact of Alzheimer's Disease on memory?

It leads to the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and β-amyloid plaques, impairing short-term memory early on and progressing to long-term memory.

What is conduction aphasia?

An inability to repeat back spoken words or phrases, often associated with damage to the left perisylvian area.

What is the significance of the study by Godden and Baddeley (1975)?

It demonstrated context-dependent memory in two natural environments: on land and underwater.

What are neurofibrillary tangles?

Abnormal aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein that are associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's.