SIUe BIOL 240a Lab Practical 1 (Week 1-Week3)

anatomy

study of the structure of the human body and the relative relationships between the body parts

physiology

study of normal function of the human body

interphase

-period when cell is not dividing

-cell is performing normal activities

-cell is preparing for division

prophase

the chromatin fibers change into chromosomes

metaphase

microtubules align the centromeres of the chromatid pairs at the metaphase plate

anaphase

the chromatid pairs split at the centromere and move to opposite poles of the cell; the chromatids are now separated into 2 identical sets of chromosomes

telophase

two identical nuclei are formed around the identical sets of chromosomes now in their chromatin form

cytokinesis

division of a cell's cytoplasm to form two identical cells

microscope parts

ocular lenses, body tubes, head, arm, nosepiece, objective lenses, stage, mechanical stage, condenser lens, iris diaphragm, substage light, coarse adjustment knob, fine adjustment knob, mechanical stage control knobs, base, light control, power switch

isotonic

both solution in beaker and solution in cell is equal solute concentration

hypotonic

solution in beaker contains less solutes than the solution in the cell (water rushes into the cell)

hypertonic

solution in beaker contains more solutes than the solution in the cell (water rushes out of the cell)

epithelium characteristics

-body covering and lining

-tight cell junctions

-apical (free) surface

-basement membrane

-avascular

-regeneration

simple epithelium

one cell layer

stratified epithelium

more than one layer

squamous epithelium

flat or squashed

cuboidal epithelium

cube shaped

columnar epithelium

column shaped

simple cuboidal epithelium (location)

kidney tubules and most endocrine glands

simple cuboidal epithelium (structure)

big nuclei in the middle of the cells

simple squamous epithelium (location)

kidneys, lungs, and the lining of blood vessels

simple squamous epithelium (structure)

very flat, cannot see basement membrane, have individual nuclei

simple columnar epithelium (location)

digestive tract and uterine tube

simple columnar epithelium (structure)

can be ciliated and non-ciliated, nuclei tend to be near the basement membrane, may have goblet cells

pseudostratified columnar epithelium (location)

trachea

pseudostratified columnar epithelium (structure)

nuclei appear to be stacked on top of each other, has cilia and goblet cells, one cell layer thick; all cells touch basement membrane but not all cells reach apical surface

transitional epithelium (location)

bladder, ureters

transitional epithelium (structure)

variable cell shapes and multiple layers, looks like cuboidal cells when bladder is empty and will appear squamous when bladder is full

stratified squamous epithelium (location)

skin, esophagus

stratified squamous epithelium (structure)

beneath bottom layer is connective tissue, multiple cel layers; bottom cells are cuboidal, top cells are squamous

connective tissue characteristics

-found in all parts of the body

-protects, supports, and binds together other tissue of the body

-contains several types of cells

-vascular (except cartilage)

-contains matrix (non-living material between cells)

areolar connective tissue (location)

under epithelium, around capillaries

areolar connective tissue (structure)

small black elastic fibers as well as thick collagen fibers, football shaped fibroblast nuclei

adipose connective tissue (location)

under skin, around organs

adipose connective tissue (structure)

nuclei is pushed to the corner, lipids take up most of the room in the cells

reticular connective tissue (location)

structure of lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes)

reticular connective tissue (structure)

numerous reticular fibers

dense regular connective tissue (location)

tendons, ligaments

dense regular connective tissue (structure)

thick collagen fibers (and some elastin fibers) running in the same direction

dense irregular connective tissue (location)

dermis of the skin

dense irregular connective tissue (structure)

collagen fibers and some elastin fibers in no uniform pattern, gives support in many directions

hyaline cartilage (location)

trachea, ends of long bones

hyaline cartilage (structure)

chondrocytes (cartilage cells) in lacunae (space), uniform colored matrix

elastic cartilage (location)

external ear

elastic cartilage (structure)

chondrocytes in lacunae, dark elastin fibers

fibrocartilage (location)

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

fibrocartilage (structure)

chondrocytes in lacunae, collagen fibers

bone connective tissue (location)

skeleton

bone connective tissue (structure)

osteocytes (bone cells) in lacunae

blood connective tissue (location)

within blood vessels

blood connective tissue (structure)

numerous red cells (may be stained darker)

muscle tissue characteristics

-highly specialized to contract

-produce movement

-vascular

-elongated cells

skeletal muscle tissue (location)

attached bone to bone or bone to skin

skeletal muscle tissue (structure)

fiber run parallel (will be dark on slides), striations, voluntary, multinucleate

cardiac muscle tissue (location)

heart

cardiac muscle tissue (structure)

fibers have striations and are not parallel (will be dark on slides), intercalated discs, involuntary, may be binucleate

smooth muscle tissue (location)

walls of organs and blood vessels

smooth muscle tissue (structure)

no striations, involuntary, uninucleate

nervous tissue characteristics

receive and propagate neural impulse

2 types of nervous tissue

1. neuroglia: supporting cells that protect, support, and insulate

2. neuron: receive and conduct impulses

neuron nervous tissue (location)

brain and spinal cord

neuron nervous tissue (structure)

big cell body with processes

neuroglia nervous tissue (location)

brain, spinal cord, nerves

neuroglia nervous tissue (structure)

numerous small purple dots

2 tissue regions

1. epidermis

2. dermis

epidermis

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium tissue

-stratum basale

-stratum spinosum

-stratum granulosum

-stratum lucidum

-stratum corneum

karatinocytes

produce keratin protein and protects the skin

melanocytes

produce pigment protein melanin and shields nuclear DNA from UV damage

dermis

connective tissue layer

-papillary layer: mostly areolar connective tissue

-reticular layer: dense irregular connective tissue and contains accessory structures of the skin

accessory structures of the skin

-sebaceous gland: secretes sebum

-hair: follicle, root, bulb, papilla

-arrector pilli muscle: smooth muscle

merocrine sweat glands

stratified cuboidal, regulates body temperature

aprocrine sweat glands

located in specific regions (will not see on slides)

pacinian corpuscles

deep pressure receptors, look like onions

meissner's corpuscles

light touch, in papillary layer of skin