Soc 2266B Final Definitions

acquaintance rape

forced sex where the offender and the victim are acquainted with one another

assault level 1

applying, attempting to apply, or threatening to apply force against another person with intent and without consent or openly wearing a weapon

assault level 2

assault with a weapon, threatening to use a weapon, or assault causing bodily harm

assault level 3

aggravated assault involving wounding, disfiguring, or endangering the life of another person

child abuse

physical, sexual, or emotional maltreatment a child may experience in the care of someone they trust and depend on

child neglect

failing to provide what a child needs for their physical, psychological, or emotional development and wellbeing

date rape

forced sex during a courting relationship

expressive violence

violence that vents rage, anger, or frustration

first-degree murder

planned and deliberate killing of another person, killing a police officer, or killing related to crimes offensive to society

gang rapes

forced sex involving multiple attackers

hate crime

violent act toward a person or group because of race, color, religion, or ethnicity

homicide

murder, manslaughter, and infanticide

infanticide

killing an infant shortly after birth because the mothers mind is disturbed, normally from post-partum depression

instrumental violence

violence used to improve criminals financial or social position

intimate partner violence

violence or abuse within a marriage, common law, or dating relationship

invitation to sexual touching

inviting, counselling, or inciting someone under 16 to touch the body of someone else for a sexual purpose

manslaughter

homicide without planning, only general intent

marital exemption

old doctrine that husbands couldn't be charged with raping their wives

marital rape

forced sex between married people

mass murderers

individuals who kill 4+ victims in a single, violent outburst

murder

intentional killing of another person; first and second degree

relational aggression

psychological and emotional abuse that involves spreading rumors and private information in order to harm a partner

second-degree murder

intentional killing of a person that is not first-degree murder

serial murderer

individual who kills 3+ people in three or more separate events

sexual abuse

exploitation of a child through rape, incest, or molestation by a parent or other adult

sexual assault

anything from unwanted touching to rape

sexual exploitation

sexual contact, even if consensual, between a person aged 16-18 and someone in a position of trust or authority

sexual interference

touching someone under 16 for a sexual purpose

spree killers

individuals who kill multiple victims in a short span of time and often follow no discernable pattern

stallkerware

form of technology that can be secretly planted on a phone to control a partner and track their every move

stalking

behavior making someone fear for their or anothers safety, criminal harrassment

subculture of violence

norms and customs that legitimize and expect the use of violence to resolve social conflicts

thrill killing

impulsive killing of a stranger as an act of daring or recklessness

arson

intentional or reckless damage by fire or explosion to property

boosters

professional shoplifter who steals with the intention of reselling the stolen goods

burglary

breaking and entering a place with the intent to commit an indictable offence

confidence games

swindle where the victim is persuaded to trust the swindler in some way

constructive possession

legal fiction that applies to situations in which persons voluntarily give up physical custody of their property but still retain legal ownership

crime tourism

offences committed by organized criminal gangs who enter Canada with the sole purpose of committing crimes such as break and enters

embezzlement

taking and keeping the property of others, such as clients or employers, with which one has been entrusted

false pretences

misrepresenting a fact in a way that causes a deceived victim to give money or property to the offender

fences

receiver of stolen goods

fraud

use of deceit to obtain property, money, or other valuables from a person or the public

professional criminals

offenders who make a significant portion of their income from crime

naïve cheque forgers

amateurs who cash bad cheques because of some financial crisis but have little identification with a criminal subculture

occasional criminals

offenders who do not define themselves by a criminal role or view themselves as committed career criminals

shoplifting

taking goods from retail stores

situational inducement

short-term influence on a persons behavior, such as financial problems or peer pressure, that increases risk-taking

snitches

amateur shoplifter who does not self-identify as a thief but who systematically steals merchandise for personal use

systematic forgers

professionals who make a living by passing bad cheques

target hardening strategies

locking goods into place or using electronic tags and sensing devices as means of preventing shoplifting

target removal strategies

displaying dummy goods as a means of preventing shoplifting

theft

taking anothers property for ones use, by means other than force or threats on the victim or forcibly breaking into a persons home or workplace

theft over $5000

indictable offence, theft where values exceeds $5000

theft under $5000

hybrid offence, crown chooses summary conviction or indictment, theft of property where the value is under $5000

alien conspiracy theory

view that organized crime in the US is controlled by the Mafia, centrally coordinated by a national committee that settles disputes, dictates policy, and assigns territory

bank fraud

to obtain money or property from a financial institution by false pretenses, as by forgery or misrepresentation

bucketing

from of stockbroker fraud in which brokers skim customer trading profiles by falsifying trade information

churning

form of stockbroker fraud involving repeated, excessive, and unnecessary buying and selling of stock

compliance strategies

fostering law conformity, cooperation, and self-policing in the business community through the use of economic incentives and administrative agencies

corporate crime

legal offence, such as price-fixing, restraint of trade, or hazardous waste dumping, committed by a corporate entity to improve its market share or profitability

corporate culture view

view that some business organizations promote white-collar crime by maintaining a business climate that stresses profit over fair play

deterrence strategies

detecting criminal violations, determining who is responsible, and penalizing the offenders to deter future violations

economic crime

illegal acts designed to bring financial reward

enterprise

taking risks for profit in the marketplace

front running

form of stockbroker fraud in which brokers place personal orders ahead of large customers order to profit from the market effects of the trade

insider trading

buying and selling securities based on business information derived from a position of trust and not available to the general public

La Cosa Nostra

US syndicate of 25 italian-dominated crime families who control crime in distinct geographic areas

mafia

criminal society that originated in Sicily, Italy, and is believed to control racketeering in the US

money laundering

act if making large amounts of money obtained through criminal activity appear to have come from a legitimate source

occupational fraud

individuals use of their position to steal or embezzle company funds or appropriate company property for themselves

organized crime

illegal activities of people and organizations whose acknowledged purpose in profit through illegitimate business enterprise

ponzi schemes

fraudulent claims of low-risk, high-return investments where new investors generate profits for those who invested early

price-fixing

conspiracy to set and control the price of a necessary commodity

restraint of trade

contract or conspiracy designed to stifle competition, create a monopoly, artificially maintain prices, or otherwise interfere with free market competition

self-control view

view that white-collar crime, like all crime, is a product of low self-control

computer worm

program that attacks computer networks by self-replicating and sending itself to other users, generally via email, without the aid of the operator

cybercrime

use of modern technology for criminal purposes

terrorism

illegal use of force against innocent people to achieve a political objective

cyberterrorism

politically motivated use of computers and information technology to cause severe disruption or widespread fear in society

genocide

attempt by a government to wipe out a minority group within its jurisdiction

human trafficking

use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some form of labor or commercial sexual exploitation

logic bomb

program secretly attached to a computer system, delayed action virus, can delete or corrupt the data

state-corporate crime

unauthorized use of the political governance and authority of the state to facilitate the economic goals of private corporations

family violence

child abuse, intimate partner violence, elder abuse, and other forms of physical coercion that are contextualized by domestic living arrangements

claims-makers

moral entrepreneurs that are trying to convince the public to take something seriously and to enact a policy to deal with the issue

sandwich generation

taking care of their own children and their parents at the same time, typically middle-aged which creates stressors for them

rule of thumb principle

false origin, the public thinks this term came from the idea that men could beat their wives as long as the instrument wasn't thicker than their thumb, actually came from carpentry as a measuring tool

interpersonal conflict theory

family life provides the social setting for constant conflict, family life is private life, cultural attitudes toward family violence are highly ambivalent, family is a hierarchical institution

cycle of violence - tension building

woman is exposed to minor battering (verbal abuse, slaps, pinches, pushes), psychological warfare, and min-games. Convinces herself the violence is minor and temporary

cycle of violence - acute battering

savage, torturous beatings, which sometimes result in death. Woman only thinks the man can put an end to it, nothing she can do, she no longer has control

cycle of violence - loving contrition

abusive partner apologizes and attempts to make amends, female wants to believe this and will stay in the relationship

learned helplessness

when they learn there is nothing they can do in their power to leave the situation so they become completely submissive to it

property crime

stealing or destruction of a persons property without the use or threat of force against the victim

theft in 11th century

crusades

theft in 14th century

full-time livestock thieves, poaching (poor people taking from rich peoples lands)

theft in 15th century

european forced colonization of indigenous peoples in canada

theft in 18th century

industrialization and development of the urban poor in europe

vulnerability conversion

once someone has been a victim of crime, they are significantly more scared of crime

vandalism

deliberate damage or destruction of property, delay between offence and victimization