Development, Growth, Aging, and Genetics

These flashcards cover essential vocabulary and key concepts related to development, growth, aging, and genetics based on lecture notes.

Parturition

The process of giving birth, encompassing labor and delivery of the fetus and placenta.

Colostrum

The first form of milk produced by the mammary glands after giving birth, rich in antibodies and nutrients for the newborn.

Germinal

Shortest stage, formation of zygote; ends after 6-10days.

Embryonic

stage where the embryo develops major organs and structures, occurring from weeks 3 to 8 of pregnancy. Germ layers grow: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. (MORNING SICKNESS)

Fetal Stage

the final stage of prenatal development that lasts from week 9 until birth, during which growth and maturation of the organs and systems occur. Fetus assigned sex around 9 weeks

Fertilization

Sperm attaches to secondary oocyte, sperm contents enter oocyte and join oocyte pronucleus.

What surrounds secondary oocyte?

Corona radiata and zona pellucida surround the secondary oocyte, providing protection and facilitating fertilization.

Receptor on zona pellucida

ZP3; initiates acrosomal reaction where digestive enzymes are activated.

Fast block to polyspermy

after first sperm enters oocyte, this prevents additional sperm from attaching to oocyte.

Slow block polyspermy

Oocyte releases water which causes it to shrink and zona pellucida degenerates; inactivates ZP3. (No more sperm can attach)

Morula

Solid ball of 12 or more cells

Blastocyst

Hollow sphere of cells containing fluid-filled blastocele and is essential for implantation in the uterine wall.

Trophoblast

Single layer of cells around blastocele, becomes placenta and extraembryonic membrane.(produces hcG)

Inner cell mass

Thickened area of blastocyst, becomes embryo proper

Cytotrophoblast

Remains near embryonic tissues; branches called chorionic villi protrude into lacunae

Syncytiotrophoblast

Invades endometrium; forms cavities called lacunae filled with maternal blood.

Chorion

A membrane that surrounds a developing embryo and plays a key role in the exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste between mother and fetus.

Yolk sac

Forms inside blastocele from hypoblast. Only lasts abt 12wks, provides nourishment and gas exchange

Where does implantation usually occur?

Body of uterus;Uterine lining/wall

Placenta Previa

Implantation near cervix; as placenta grows, it can extend over the internal cervical opening and tear.

Abruptio Placentae

Placental attachment is weak and tears away from the uterine wall

Ectoderm

Epidermis of skin, lens and cornea of eye, teeth, brain and spinal cord; adrenal medulla

Mesoderm

Dermis of skin, cardiovascular system, muscle, bones and kidneys

Endoderm

Lining of digestive tract, lungs, hepatic, urinary bladder, thyroid, parathyroid and tonsils

First trimester

Fertilization-12wks; egg will have human features. Most women develop morning sickness

Second trimester

13-28wks;Best part of pregnancy, no more morning sickness, fetus moves/flips. Can find out sex of baby with ultrasound(20wks)

Third trimester

29-40wks; more difficult to move/stand up, fetus gains weight quickly, wk 36 baby head turns down.

Parturition

Process by which baby is born

Hormones. involved

Estrogen overcome inhibitory influence of progesterone; Oxytocin released

1st stage of labor

Dilation stage; uterine contractions until cervix dilates to 10cm. Lasts 8-24hrs; amniotic sac ruptures

2nd stage of labor

Expulsion Stage lasts from complete dilation until baby is completely out; may last 1min up to 1hr or more. (pitocin is given to increase force of contractions)

3rd stage of labor

Placental Stage occurs after birth of fetus, placenta is expelled from uterus.

Identical Twins

Twins resulting from the splitting of a single fertilized egg, sharing the same genetic material.

Fraternal Twins

Twins that develop from two separate fertilized eggs, sharing about 50% of their genetic material.

Water breaking

The release of amniotic fluid from the uterus before or during labor, indicating that childbirth is imminent.

Amniocentesis

Removal and analysis of amniotic fluid (13-16wks,2^nd trimester) to detect any metabolic disorders or genetic abnormalities in the fetus. SMALL RISK OF MISCARRIAGE WITH AMNIOCENTESIS

Thalimide

A drug once prescribed to treat morning sickness in pregnant women, later found to cause severe birth defects when taken during pregnancy.

Chorionic Villus Sampling

Probe introduced into uterine cavity through cervix to remove small piece of chorion,8-10wks(1^st trimester); earlier detection of disorders.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

Blood test performed to detect AFP. If levels are abnormal, it may indicate conditions such as spina bifida or Down syndrome in the fetus.

Spina bifida

Neural tube doesn’t fully close along spine leading to nerve damage and paralysis

Ultrasound

Sound waves are bounced off the fetus like sonar and then analyzed enhanced by computer.

APGAR SCORE

Physiological assessment tool to evaluate a newborn baby. It assesses five criteria: Appearance, Pulse, Grimace response, Activity, and Respiration, each scored from 0 to 2, resulting in a total score from 0 to 10. A score of 8-10 1 to 5 minutes after birth is considered NORMAL.

Fetal Alcohol syndrome

Results when pregnant female drinks alcohol, which crosses the placenta and damages fetus. Baby is born with smaller than normal head, intellectual disability.

Lactation

Production of milk by mothers breast following partnutrition.