PSY382-Lecture 5 (Cognitive functions and cognitive disorders in old age- First Lecture)

Cognitive decline (CD)

A decrease in various cognitive abilities typically observed over time, affecting skills such as Processing Speed, Working Memory, Executive Function, Episodic Memory, and Language.

Cross-sectional studies

Research studies that analyze data from a population at a specific point in time, indicating that cognitive decline starts early but is less pronounced in verbal ability and numeracy.

Longitudinal studies

Research studies that follow subjects over a period of time, showing that cognitive decline starts later and is less steep compared to cross-sectional studies.

Sensory Memory

The initial stage of memory where information from the senses is stored briefly; it has no capacity limits.

Short-term Memory (STM)

A memory storage system that holds limited information (7±2 chunks) for a short period of time (about 18-30 seconds).

Working Memory (WM)

An active memory system that allows for the manipulation and processing of information, essential for problem solving, decision making, and learning.

Episodic Memory

A type of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events or experiences from one's life.

Semantic Memory

A type of long-term memory that involves the storage and recall of facts, concepts, and general knowledge not tied to personal experience.

Flashbulb Memory

Vivid memories of significant personal or emotional events, which may be inaccurately recalled.

Prospective Memory

The ability to remember to perform an action in the future, generally influenced by self-regulatory strategies and cues.

Metacognition

Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes, often related to the ability to regulate and control memory strategies.

Cognitive Reserve

The resilience of the brain's functioning despite age-related changes; influenced by education and lifestyle.

Super Agers

Older individuals who maintain cognitive abilities comparable to much younger adults, particularly in verbal episodic memory.