STUDY GUIDE | EXAM 1 Race and Ethnicity in Fashion AMM 1250

Minority Group

Subordinate group with less power than majority.

Types of Minority Groups

Includes racial, gender, ethnic, and religious groups.

Biological Meaning of Race

Misconception of genetically isolated human groups.

Social Construction of Race

Race defined by society, not biology.

Pure Race Ideology

Belief in superior genetic races without basis.

Stereotyping

Judging groups based on flawed intelligence tests.

The Bell Curve Study

Controversial book linking race and intelligence.

Eugenics

Movement aimed at improving genetic quality of humans.

Subordinate Group Emergence

Occurs through migration, annexation, or colonialism.

Migration

Population transfer to settle in new areas.

Emigration

Leaving one's country to settle elsewhere.

Colonialism

Dominance over people by foreign powers.

Spectrum of Intergroup Status

Dynamic relationships between dominant and subordinate groups.

Consequences of Subordinate Status

Includes extermination, expulsion, secession, segregation, fusion.

Extermination

Elimination of a subordinate group; extreme consequence.

Genocide

Systematic killing of an entire people.

Example of Extermination

Holocaust: systematic persecution of Jews by Nazis.

Expulsion

Forcing a subordinate group to leave an area.

Example of Expulsion

France expelled 10,000 ethnic Roma in 2009.

Secession

Subordinate group forms a new dominant nation.

Example of Secession

Baltic states seceded post-Soviet Union in 1991.

Segregation

Physical separation of groups by dominant group.

Example of Segregation

Apartheid in South Africa from 1948 to 1994.

Fusion

Combination of minority and majority groups into new group.

Example of Fusion

Interracial marriages create new ethnocultural groups.

Assimilation

Subordinate group adopts dominant group characteristics.

Example of Assimilation

Learning the dominant group's language.

Resistance

Efforts by subordinate groups to challenge dominance.

Resistance

Efforts by ethnic groups to maintain identity.

Civil Rights Movement

Movement advocating for racial equality in the U.S.

Feminist Movement

Advocacy for women's rights and gender equality.

LGBTQ+ Rights Efforts

Campaigns for rights of LGBTQ+ individuals.

Black Lives Matter

Movement addressing systemic racism and police violence.

Intersectionality

Overlapping systems of advantage and disadvantage.

Prejudice

Negative attitude toward an entire group of people.

Microaggressions

Daily verbal indignities experienced by minorities.

Discrimination

Denial of rights due to prejudice or arbitrary reasons.

Privilege

Invisible advantages for members of dominant groups.

Scapegoating Theory

Blaming others to avoid personal responsibility.

Authoritarian Personality Theory

Prejudice influenced by upbringing and early lessons.

Exploitation Theory

Unfair economic advantage over minority groups.

Normative Approach

Prejudice influenced by societal norms and situations.

Stereotypes

Unreliable generalizations about group members.

Color-blind Racism

Using race-neutral principles to defend inequality.

Social Distance

Tendency to approach or withdraw from racial groups.

Bogardus Scale

Measures willingness to interact with different groups.

Diversity Training

Programs aimed at reducing social distance in workplaces.

Racial Profiling

Police actions based on race rather than behavior.

Ethnic Slurs

Derogatory terms directed at specific ethnic groups.

Condescending Speech

Talking down to members of a particular group.

Economic Disadvantage

Lower wages for minority group members.

Intolerance

Lack of acceptance for different groups.

Social Contact

Interaction levels between different racial or ethnic groups.

Affirmative Action

Policies to improve opportunities for underrepresented groups.

Workplace Productivity

Efficiency affected by feelings of safety and inclusion.

Diversity Training

Skills development for interacting across backgrounds.

Discrimination

Prejudice-based denial of rights or opportunities.

Relative Deprivation

Negative discrepancy between expectations and reality.

Absolute Deprivation

Fixed standard of minimum subsistence level.

Hate Crimes

Crimes motivated by bias against specific groups.

Hate Crime Statistics Act

Mandate to monitor hate crimes nationally.

Institutional Discrimination

Denial of rights due to societal operations.

Affirmative Action

Efforts to recruit minorities for opportunities.

Immigration

Permanent residency in a new country.

Patterns of Immigration

Trends in immigrant numbers and origins.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law limiting Chinese immigration.

National Origin System

1921 immigration policy based on origin.

Immigration and Nationality Act

1965 act reshaping immigration policies.

Immigration Reform and Control Act

1986 law addressing illegal immigration.

Naturalization

Process of granting citizenship to foreigners.

Cultural Appropriation

Misusing symbols from different cultures.

Inspiration

Mental stimulation to create or feel something.

Copyright

Legal right to reproduce and distribute works.

Imitation

Copying something produced by another.

Cultural Symbols

Representations that hold significance in cultures.

Social Media Impact

Influence of online platforms on cultural criticism.

Celebrity Apologies

Public figures acknowledging cultural appropriation issues.

Economic Impact

Effects of appropriation on community economies.

Aesthetic Appropriation

Influence of cultural elements on artistic expression.

Immigrant Demographics

Statistics on foreign-born residents in the U.S.

Settlement Patterns

Geographic distribution of immigrant populations.

Government Policy Changes

Regulations affecting immigration trends over time.

Visible Minority Discrimination

Bias against minorities in prominent positions.