Pharmaceutical Toxicology Course Overview and Key Concepts [PT1]

Toxicology

The science that deals with the adverse effects of xenobiotics (endobiotics) on living systems.

Pharmacology

The study of the effects of chemical substances on the function of living systems.

TOXICOLOGY

____is a science dealing with properties, action, toxicity, fatal dose, detection, estimation and treatment of poisons

Toxicology

____ is the analysis and study of harmful compounds in biological materials.

Toxicology

___ is a scientific study of poisons and their actions and detection, and treatment of the condition produced by them

Basic Research-Biology, Chemistry, Pathology, Physiology, Genetics, Pharmacology, Molecular Microbiology, Public Health, Immunology, Ecology.

[REVIEW ON NOTES]

Basic Research of Toxicology Includes:

POISONING

[POISONING VS OVERDOSE]

Unintentional or accidenta

POISONING

[POISONING VS OVERDOSE]

Self-harm or suicide

POISONING

[POISONING VS OVERDOSE]

Assault or homicide

Toxicodynamics

The study of the effects of toxic substances on biological systems.

Toxicokinetics

The study of how toxic substances are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body.

Resistance

The ability of an organism to withstand the effects of a toxic substance.

Selective Toxicity

The ability of a substance to target harmful organisms without affecting the host.

Syndrome

A group of symptoms that consistently occur together or a condition characterized by a set of associated symptoms.

Threshold

The level of exposure to a toxic substance below which no adverse effects are expected.

Tolerance

The capacity of an organism to endure exposure to a toxic substance without experiencing adverse effects.

Toxic substance

Any material that can cause harm to living organisms.

Adverse effects

Harmful or undesired outcomes resulting from exposure to a toxic substance.

Analeptics

Drugs that stimulate the central nervous system.

Biomarker

A biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease.

Hazard

A potential source of harm or adverse effect.

Hormesis

A phenomenon in which a low dose of a toxic substance has a beneficial effect.

Intoxication

The state of being poisoned or affected by a toxic substance.

Metabonomics

The study of metabolic responses to drugs, environmental changes, and disease.

Overdose

An excessive dose of a drug or substance that can lead to severe adverse effects or death.

Poisoning

The harmful effects resulting from exposure to a toxic substance, which can be intentional or accidental.

Ebers papyrus

An ancient Egyptian medical text that includes references to various plants and their medicinal properties.

Ebers papyrus

This contains information pertaining to many recognized poisons, including hemlock,aconite ,opium and metals such as lead, copper, and antimony

De Historia Plantarum

A work by Theophrastus that includes numerous references to poisonous plants.

hemlock

the state poison of the Greeks

aconite

a Chinese arrow poison

opium

(used as both a poison and an antidote

Theophrastus

He is the student of Aristotle

Theophrastus

De Historia Plantarum is written by ___

Aconitum species

[De Historia Plantarum Notorious poisonous plants included: ]

Commonly known as aconite or monkshood,

►Aconitum species (aconite, monkshood)

►Conium maculatum (poison hemlock)

►Hyoscyamus niger (henbane)

►Mandragora officinarum (mandrake)

►Papaver somniferum (opium poppy)

►Veratrum album (hellebore)

De Historia Plantarum Notorious poisonous plants included: [6]

Conium maculatum

[De Historia Plantarum Notorious poisonous plants included: ]

Also known as poison hemlock

Hyoscyamus niger

[De Historia Plantarum Notorious poisonous plants included: ]

Commonly referred to as henbane

Mandragora officinarum

[De Historia Plantarum Notorious poisonous plants included: ]

Known as mandrake

Papaver somniferum

[De Historia Plantarum Notorious poisonous plants included: ]

Commonly known as opium poppy

Veratrum album

[De Historia Plantarum Notorious poisonous plants included: ]

Also known as hellebore

Socrates

A philosopher who was forced to drink poison hemlock.

Cleopatra

An Egyptian queen who committed suicide through the bite of an asp, a poisonous snake.

Dioscorides

A Greek physician who made the first attempt to classify poisons with descriptions and drawings.

asp

a poisonous snake.

Materia Medica

A classification system for poisons by origin: animal, vegetable, mineral.

Dioscorides

Who wrote Materia Medica ?

Materia Medica

- categorized poison by origin: animal, vegetable , mineral remained standard classification

King Mithridates VI of Pontus

Known for his experiments on toxicity and claiming to have discovered an antidote for every venomous reptile and poisonous substance.

Mithridatic

Referring to an antidotal or protective mixture.

Theriac

An antidote for poisons.

Theriaca

A poetic treatise by Nicander of Colophon that dealt with poisonous animals.

Alexipharmaca

A poem about antidotes.

Lex Cornelia

The first law against poisoning, which became a regulatory statute against careless dispensers of drugs.

Maimonides

A physician whose writings included a treatise on the treatment of poisonings from insects, snakes, and mad dogs.

Discourse on the Diseases of Workers

A work by Bernardino Ramazzini that advanced occupational toxicology.

Bernardino Ramazzini

An author whose classic work set the standard for occupational medicine.

ORFILA

The first toxicologist to use autopsy material and chemical analysis systematically as legal proof of poisoning.

Bernardino Ramazzini

His classic, published in 1700 set the standard for occupational medicine well into the nineteenth century.

Bernardino Ramazzini

His work broadened the field by discussing occupations ranging from miners to midwives and including printers, weavers, and potters

Phosgene and Mustard gas

A chemical synthesized by 1825, used as a war gas in World War I , and as late as the Iraq-Iran War in the late twentieth century.

ORFILA

His introduction of this detailed type of analysis survives as the underpinning of forensic toxicology

ORFILA

HE Published the first major work devoted expressly to the toxicity of natural agents

ORFILA

He is the Father of Modern Toxicology

ORFILA

He first establish systematic correlation between the chemical properties and biological effects of poisons

19th Century

In ____ century dawned in a climate of industrial and political revolution.

COCl ₂

What is the structural formula of Phosgene ?

mustard gas

What is the structural formula of mustard gas

mustard gas

This is also known as bis[Bichloroethyl] sulfide)

Magendie

A physician who studied the mechanisms of action of emetine, strychnine, and "arrow poisons"

Claude Bernard

A student of Magendie who continued the study of poisons and added works on carbon monoxide.

Magendie

His research into the absorption and distribution of these compounds in the body remains a classic in toxicology and pharmacology

An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine

A classic treatise by Claude Bernard in the development of toxicology.

Oswald Schmiedeberg

He made many contributions to the science of toxicology, not the least of which was the training of approximately 120 students who later populated the most important laboratories of pharmacology and toxicology throughout the world.

Green

A classic treatise by Claude Bernard in the development of toxicology. [An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine] was translated by _____ is a classic in the development of toxicology.

Louis Lewin

A toxicologist who trained in medicine and natural sciences,

Oswald Schmiedeberg

Many of today's toxicologists and pharmacologists can trace their scientific heritage back to ___

Oswald Schmiedeberg

His research focused on the synthesis of hippuric acid in the liver and the detoxification mechanisms of the liver in several animal species

La Cantarella

A historical poison potion containing arsenic, copper, and phosphorus, used during the European Renaissance.

Liebreich at the Pharmacological Institute of Berlin (1881).

Louis Lewin s, trained in toxicology under____

Louis Lewin

HE is known for his classic contributions on the chronic toxicity of narcotics and other alkaloids.

Louis Lewin

He published much of the early work on the toxicity of methanol, glycerol, acrolein, and chloroform

►arsenic

►copper

►phosphorus

"La Cantarella" potion: [3]

Lead

A toxic element used as a pigment in the manufacture of paint during the 19th century in the US.

Asbestos

A hazardous material found in textiles, building materials, insulation, and brake linings, known to cause serious health issues.

Asbestosis

A form of pulmonary fibrosis caused by asbestos exposure, characterized by macrophages accumulating in alveoli.

►asbestosis

►lung cancer

►malignant mesothelioma

n humans, asbestos causes forms of lung disease: [3]

Pulmonary fibrosis (asbestosis)

[IDENTIFY WHAT DISEASE]

1. Macrophages eat particles

2. Short fibers cleared, macrophages accumulate in alveoli that incompletely ingested long fibers

3. Mediators are released that attract immunocells or stimulate collagen production

asbestosis

Pulmonary fibrosis is aka ___

Lung cancer

A type of cancer that can be caused by asbestos exposure among other factors.

Malignant mesothelioma

A rare and aggressive cancer linked to asbestos exposure, affecting the lining of the lungs.

Polonium-210

A radioactive substance involved in a poisoning case with espionage overtones in 2006.

Melamine

A chemical that was involved in product contamination incidents in 2007 and 2008, particularly in pet foods.

lead

2007 & 2008: incidents of product contamination:

____ in toys

GHB

A substance that was released through a glue that metabolizes into it, noted in product contamination incidents.

Descriptive Toxicology

[SUBDISCIPLINES OF TOXICOLOGY]

The branch of toxicology focused on testing and data collection from animal experimentation to predict human reactions.

Mechanistic Toxicology

[SUBDISCIPLINES OF TOXICOLOGY]

The study of how particular chemicals exert adverse effects on organisms at the organism systems level.

Toxicogenomics

[SUBDISCIPLINES OF TOXICOLOGY]

A field that allows mechanistic toxicologists to identify genetically susceptible individuals and customize drug therapies.

mechanistic toxicologist

A ____ works to determine how particular chemicals exert their adverse effects on an organism and how the effects can be harmful

Regulatory Toxicology

[SUBDISCIPLINES OF TOXICOLOGY]

The study of the adverse effects of chemicals on all living organisms, including humans, plants, animals, fungi, and insects.