Psychological Problems

Mental health

is a complex and multifaceted aspect of  human well-being encompassing emotional, psychological, and social dimensions. 

Positive mental health

It involves individuals actively participating in society and effectively coping with life's challenges.

Social Factors

Shifts in societal structures, norms, and values can impact mental health. 

Economic Factors

Socioeconomic disparities can impact access to mental health resources. 

Cultural Factors

Certain cultural expectations or stressors unique to specific cultural groups may contribute to mental health challenges.

Educational Initiatives

Increased awareness and understanding of mental health conditions through educational programs, media, and public health campaigns can lead to a higher recognition of symptoms.

Media Influence

Media portrayal and representation of mental health can shape public perceptions.

Give the 2 characteristics of Mental Health Problems

Individual Effects and Social Effects

Clinical Depression

also known as major depressive disorder (MDD), is a debilitating mental health condition characterized by persistent and intense feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in most activities. 

What does MDD stands for?

Major Depressive Disorder

Give the subtypes of Depression.

Unipolar and Bipolar Depression

Unipolar depression

is characterized by recurrent episodes of low mood without periods of mania.

Bipolar disorder

involves mood swings between periods of depression and periods of mania or hypomania.

Give the physical symptoms of Clinical Depression

changes in sleep patterns (insomnia or hypersomnia), alterations in appetite (weight loss or gain), and decreased energy levels.

Low Mood

This involves feelings of sadness, emptiness, or irritability.

Reduced Energy

Individuals with clinical depression often experience a significant decrease in energy levels, leading to fatigue and lethargy.

sleep disturbances

Difficulty falling asleep or excessive sleeping can be indicators.

Appetite Changes

Alterations in appetite, leading to weight loss or gain, are considered in the diagnostic process.

Psychomotor Agitation or Retardation

Changes in physical activity levels, either restlessness or slowed movements, may be observed.

Difficulty Concentrating

Impaired cognitive function, including difficulties concentrating, making decisions, and recalling information, is often reported.

Feelings of Worthlessness or Guilt

Persistent feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt are common features of clinical depression.

Suicidal Thoughts

Thoughts of death or suicide, or actual suicide attempts, may be present in severe cases.

Anhedonia

describe the inability to experience pleasure or a loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyable. It is often associated with depression and other mental health disorders.

seratonin

is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating mood, sleep, appetite, and other physiological functions. It is often referred to as the "feel-good" neurotransmitter because it contributes to feelings of well-being and happiness.

hippocampus

which is involved in memory and emotion regulation, may be smaller in individuals with depression.

What does HPA stands for?

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal

Aaron Beck's cognitive theory of depression

posits that negative thoughts and cognitive distortions play a significant role in the development and maintenance of depression.

Martin Seligman's theory of learned helplessness

proposes that individuals with depression may experience feelings of helplessness due to their perception of having little or no control over their life circumstances. This theory suggests that repeated exposure to uncontrollable negative events can lead to a belief that one's actions have no impact on the outcome, resulting in a sense of helplessness.

What does SSRIs stand for?

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

is a psychotherapy approach that focuses on the connection between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It aims to help individuals identify and change negative or unhelpful thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to their difficulties.

Escalation

is often a sign of tolerance, where the body adapts to the presence of the substance, necessitating higher doses for the same effect.

Biological Theory

Genetic vulnerability, neurobiological adaptations, and neurotransmitter imbalances contribute to the development of addictive behaviors.

Psychological Theory

Psychological factors, such as peer influence, coping mechanisms, and environmental influences, play a crucial role in the initiation and maintenance of addictive behaviors.

Behavioral Theory

Addiction is viewed as a learned behavior, influenced by reinforcement, conditioning, and environmental cues.

Social Learning Theory

Individuals learn substance use behaviors through observation, imitation, and reinforcement within their social environment.

Cognitive-Behavioral Theory

Distorted thought patterns and maladaptive beliefs contribute to addictive behaviors. The focus is on identifying and changing these cognitive processes.

Disease Model

Addiction is conceptualized as a chronic, relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive substance use despite harmful consequences.

What does MAT stands for?

Medication-Assisted Treatment

What does MET stands for?

Motivational Enhancement Therapy