Kaarten: Tools for writing + logical fallacies + Inversion | Quizlet

What is the difference between a register and context?

Register is the level and style of language used in a particular situation

Context refers to the situation in which language is used

What is a register?

Form of the language that is appropriate to a given situation

What are features of informal language?

informal language:

- you may use contractions (e.g. don't)

- you may use abbreviations (e.g.)

- you may end a sentence with a proposition

- you may use emotive words/phrases

- you can use slang and collquialisms?

What are the features of formal language?

formal language:

- do not use contractions

- do not use abbreviations

- write numbers under 10 in words

- do not use vague phrases

- you can use jargon or technical terms

What is GAPS?

Genre: The genre is the category in which your piece of writing will belong. For example: a letter, a story, an essay etc.

Audience: Who is the intended reader: teacher, a peer..

Purpose: inform, persuade, entertain, share your opinion..

Style: the language that you use, your word choice and tone (+/-) => informal/formal language? persuasive language?

What are logical fallacies?

errors in reasoning that render an argument invalid

What are the 10 logical fallacies (=drogredenen)?

1) Hasty generalization (foute inductie)

2) Faulty Causality (onterecht causaal verband)

3) Either/or (vals dilemma)

4) Slippery Slope (hellendvlak)

5) Bandwagon ( omstanderseffect)

6) Sentimental appeal (beroep op gevoel)

7) Scare tactics

8) Appeal to False Authority (beroep op autoriteit)

9) Ad Hominem : tu quoque (op de man)

10) Straw Man

What is Hasty Generalization?

Making a broad claim based on too little evidence.

e.g. My new Toyota broke down, so all Toyota must be poorly made.

What is Faulty Causality?

Assuming that because one thing happened after another, it caused it. Correlation does not imply causation.

e.g. Every time I wash my car, it rains the next day. My car washing definitely affects the weather.

What is Either/Or?

Unfair oversimplification of an issue by providing only two options as a possible solution.

e.g. I'm raising funs to help cure XYZ disease. If you don't donate, then you're part of the problem.

What is Slippery Slope?

Exaggeration of the likely consequences of an action, designed to show that a misstep today could result in a disaster in the future.

e.g. If I miss my train, I will be late, if I'm late my parents will gett angry, if my parents will get angry I'll feel sad, .....

What is Bandwagon?

Arguments urging you to follow the same path that everyone else is taking. Commonly used to sway these two groups: teens and voters.

e.g. "Everyone is buying this product, so it must be the best."

What is Sentimental Appeal?

Playing on readers' emotions to distract them from the facts

e.g. If you don't donate you're a bad person.

What is Scare Tactics?

Using fear to sway people by exaggerating possible dangers well beyond their statistical likelihood

e.g. If you don't vote for this law, your safety is at risk.

What is Appeal to False Authority?

Presenting an unqualified person or institution as a source of credible information.

e.g.A celebrity said this vitamin works, so it must be effective.

What is Ad Hominem?

When you attack a person's character instead of the quality of his/her ideas.

e.g.You say I shouldn't lie, but you lied last week!

What is Tu quoque?

A specific type of ad hominem when you basically call someone a hypocrite instead of debating his/her idea.

e.g. "Fast food is unhealthy", "you're such a hypocrite I saw you eating fast food last week."

What is Straw Man?

Misrepresenting or twisting someone's argument so it's easier to attack and knock down.

e.g. You want stricter immigration laws? So you hate all immigrants!

What is inversion?

Inversion in language refers to reversing the normal word order, usually placing the verb before the subject. It's often used for emphasis, style, or to form questions.

What are the inversion structures we have to know?

1. Never...

2. Rarely...

3. Under no..

4. No sooner...

5. Not only...

6. Hardly...

What special structures are used when we use inversion with HARDLY and NO SOONER?

- Hardly is always follow by 'when'

- No sooner is always followed by 'then'

Give the opposite tone of "peaceful"?

- sinister

- fearful

Give the opposite tone of "serious"?

humorous

Give the opposite tone of "anxious/nervous"?

content

Give the opposite tone of "peaceful"?

scary/dangerous

Give the opposite tone of "warmth/welcoming"?

cold/detached

Give the opposite tone of "encouraging"?

discouraging

Give the opposite tone of "confident"?

uncertain

Give the opposite tone of "respectful"?

disrespectful