FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Hydroxyl

Hydroxyl

polar, usually end in "-ol", ex: alcohol (R - OH)

Ketone Carbonyl

polar, middle of the structure, no hydrogen (O = C)

Aldehyde Carbonyl

polar, end of the structure, contains hydrogen (O = CH)

Carboxyl

polar, acid, is a component in amino acids (O = C - OH)

Amine

polar, acts as a base (R - NH2)

Sulfhydryl

polar, known as "-thiols", ex: cysteine (R - SH)

Methyl

non-polar, can affect DNA transcription if added (R - CH3)

Phosphate

polar, contributes to the negative charge of a molecule (O = PO3H2 - R)

Ester

polar, fruity smell (O = C - OR)