GG Chapter 6: Global Governance of the Earth's Oceans

Supranational

transcending all state power

Sovereignty

the authority of a state to rule over itself or another state

Common Heritage

principle of international law which holds that defined territorial areas and elements of humanity’s common heritage should be held in trust for future generations and be protected from exploitation

Global Commons

global resource domains in which common resources are found, including high oceans, atmosphere, space, Antarctica, cyberspace

UN

1945

6 parts, 195 members

maintains international peace, Security Council to  the authority of a state to rule over itself or another state

address threats to national security, 5 permanent members with VETO rights

UNESCO

1945, 194 members

eradicate poverty, contribute to cultural development

NATO

1949, 32 members

guarantees freedom and security of its members through political and military means

EU

1993, 27 members

promote peace and well-being, supervisory powers

G7/8

1975, 7 members

Russia removed for annexation of Crimea in 2016

advanced democracies, coordinate solutions for global issues

G20

1999, 20 members

regional superpowers

higher international economic cooperation

strengthen global governance

G77 and China

1964, 77 members

greater negotiation powers in the UN

UNCLOS

united nations convention of the laws of the seas

EEZ

exclusive economic zones

extends 200 nautical miles from shore

Territorial Waters

12 nautical miles away from shore, above and below

includes all resources below the surface, foreign states allowed on rites of innocent passage

International Waters

beyond territorial waters and EEZ

Law of Universal Jurisdiction

any country can prosecute regardless of their nationality in any international area

CASE STUDY: SOUTH CHINA SEA

dispute due to China’s claims of sovereignty over islands and policing neighbouring water

Vietnam, Taiwan, etc. say this territory overlaps their own territory

UNCLOS Article 125 on Landlocked States

Land-locked States shall have the right of access to and from the sea for the purpose of exercising the rights provided for in the Convention including those relating to the freedom of the high seas and the common heritage of mankind

Sustainable Development Goal 14

to conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources, mitigate impacts of overfishing, pollution, acidification, invasive species, etc.

MEAs

multilateral environmental agreements

CITES

Convention of International Trade of Endangered Species 1975

drafted in 1965, not legally binding

sustainability through global efforts

Appendix 1, 2, 3, regulate international trade and wildlife, international consortium, Interpol

works with MEAs by Convention of Biological Diversity, migratory species

Top 5 Naval Powers

US, China, Russia, UK, Japan

Chokepoint 1: Danish Straits

Baltic Sea to North Sea

Chokepoint 2: Suez Point

Mediterranean through Isthmus of Suez to the Red Sea

Chokepoint 3: Panama Canal

Panama through Isthmus of Panama to the Atlantic

Chokepoint 4: Bab Al-Mandeb

Red Sea to Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean

Chokepoint 5: Strait of Malacca

Andaman Sea to South China Sea

Chokepoint 6: Turkish Straits

Aegean and Mediterranean Sea to Black Sea

Chokepoint 7: Strait of Hormuz

Persian Gulf to Gulf of Oman

Somali Piracy

due to collapse of dictator Siad Barre’s government, US intervention on the coast removed most of it