Socialization

socialization

the process by which people learn customs and values of their culture, which also makes them fit for human companionship

nature vs. nurture debate

the argument centering around whether human genes/biology or environmental factors contribute more to a person's being

feral children

children assumed to have been raised by animals, in the wilderness, isolated from humans

Harlow's monkeys

experiments with Rhesus monkeys that found baby monkeys preferred a warm, soft imitation mother over one with food; these studies helped to confirm that babies need parents for more than just food

effects of neglect on babies and children

the growing brain does not develop properly which affects overall development in many other ways

"serve and return" interaction

interaction between a baby and caregiver that shapes the architecture of the brain; the serve is when the baby bids for attention and the return is when the caregiver responds

"Heredity loads the gun, environment pulls the trigger."

a way to describe the relationship between nature and nurture -- both are closely connected; heredity is nature and environment is nurture

Humans are born with...

reflexes, temperament, and psycho-social needs

attachment

Bowlby's term for the deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space, spv

effects of secure attachment

gives sense of security and trust of the world, and a desire for intimate relationships; necessary for optimal brain development and emotional health

strange situation experiment

Mary Ainsworth's lab based technique designed to assess attachment pattern between an infant and an adult in which the mother leaves the baby in an unfamiliar room with a stranger

still faced experiment

lab-based technique designed to demonstrate the close connection between caregiver and baby; a mother is asked to not react to her baby for 2 minutes and within that short period of time, the baby experiences significant stress

reflexive thinking

the process of stepping outside the self and observing and evaluating it from another's viewpoint.

the self as a social construct

Our identity is created by interactions with other people, and our reactions to the other people

Mead's parts of self

"I": experiencing part of the self which is spontaneous, unpredictable, impulsive, and acts without considering social consequences

"me": remembering part of the self which is reflexive and formed through role-taking, that knows the rules of society and attempts to control and direct the "I" into socially acceptable behavior

"I"

experiencing part of the self which is spontaneous, unpredictable, impulsive, and acts without considering social consequences

"Me"

remembering part of the self which is reflexive and formed through role-taking, that knows the rules of society and attempts to control and direct the "I" into socially acceptable behavior

Mead's stages of role taking

the stages necessary for the development of self and progress in sequence: imitation, play, and games

significant others (Mead)

Important people in an individual's life whose roles are initially imitated

generalized other (Mead)

the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people "in general"; the child's ability to take the role of the generalized other is a significant step in the development of a self

looking-glass self (Cooley)

in developing a sense of self, we evaluate our self image through:

1. How do I appear to others?

2. What must others think of me?

3. Revise how we think about ourselves.

"I am what I think you think I am."

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

stages which describe the sequential steps humans develop as they learn to think, reason, judge, and understand the world:

sensorimotor

preoperational

concrete operational

formal operational

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities; in the stage object permanence develops

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events; begin to understand the complexities of language and empathize with others

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

agents of socialization

people or groups that affect our self concept, attitudes, behaviors, or other orientations toward life

status

A social position that a person holds or occupies

role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

rights

what you can expect from others because of the status you occupy

obligations

what others can expect from you because of the status you occupy

ascribed status

a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life

achieved status

A social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts

role conflict

the tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses

presentation of self in everyday life / impression management

a person's efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others

anticipatory socialization

processes of socialization in which a person rehearses for future positions, occupations, and social relationships

resocialization

the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors

rite of passage

a ritual marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another

age cohort

people born at roughly the same time who pass through the life course together

age stratification

the hierarchical ranking of age groups in society

examples of statuses

cook

daughter

son

lawyer

computer nerd

criminal

Facebook friend

President

ice cream lover

king

examples of roles

volunteering at best buddies walks

habitat for humanity rebuilding homes after hurricane

studying for finals

making coffee for Starbucks customers

voting