Autonomic Nervous System - Ch 18

Which is NOT true about the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

the ANS is part of both the CNS and the PNS

ANS functions are involuntary

the ANS does not use sensory neurons

ANS motor neurons innervate cardiac muscle fibers, smooth muscle fibers, and glands

ANS motor pathways always include two neurons

the ANS does not use sensory neurons

Which is NOT true about the somatic nervous system (SNS)?

the SNS is under voluntary control

the SNS uses motor and sensory neurons

the SNS innervates skeletal muscle fibers

the SNS is part of both the CNS and PNS

the SNS is activated by visceral sensory neurons

the SNS is activated by visceral sensory neurons

The first of the two ANS motor neurons is the ___________ neuron.

preganglionic

postganglionic

terminal

neuronal

posterior

preganglionic

Which is NOT an effector innervated by the autonomic nervous system?

cardiac muscle

smooth muscle

glands

skeletal muscle

no exceptions; all are effectors of the autonomic nervous system

skeletal muscle

The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system, sympathetic and parasympathetic:

use preganglionic and postganglionic neurons to innervate skeletal muscle

contain autonomic ganglia to house ganglionic neurons

are voluntary

are composed of PNS structures only

function only during sleep

contain autonomic ganglia to house ganglionic neurons

Which statements are correct concerning the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

a. preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the brainstem nuclei

b. preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the lateral horns of the T1-L2 regions

c. it participates in the “fight-or-flight” response

d. it maintains homeostasis

e. preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the sacral region of the spinal cord

a d e

a c e

b c d

b c

c d e

a d e

Which statements are correct concerning the sympathetic division of the ANS?

b. preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the brainstem nuclei

a. preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the lateral horns of the T1-L2 regions

d. it participates in the “fight-or-flight” response

c. it is associated with the oculomotor and facial nerves

e. preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the sacral region of the spinal cord

a d

a c d e

b c e

b d

a b d

a d

The sympathetic division of the ANS has:

long postganglionic axons

norepinephrine as a transmitter substance

short preganglionic axons

preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord

all of the choices are correct

all of the choices are correct

Which is NOT characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

long postganglionic axons

long preganglionic axons

no rami communicantes

terminal ganglia close to the target organ

craniosacral preganglionic neuron cell bodies

long postganglionic axons

Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

a. III

b. IV

c. V

d. VII

e. IX

f. X

g. XII

a d e f

b c d e

a c d g

c d f g

a d e f

The preganglionic axons of CN III extend to the _________ ganglion.

pterygopalatine

submandibular

otic

pelvic

ciliary

ciliary

The preganglionic axons of CN VII extend to the:

pterygopalatine ganglion

submandibular ganglion

otic ganglion

pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia

pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia

pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia

The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the:

parotid salivary gland

large intestine

lacrimal gland

sublingual salivary gland

ciliary muscle

parotid salivary gland

The parasympathetic preganglionic axons of CN VII exit from the:

mesencephalon

cerebral cortex

pons

lateral horns of the S1 cord segment

lateral horns of the T1 spinal cord segment

pons

The CN that supplies parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic organs is:

CN II

CN III

CN VI

CN IX

CN X

CN X

The parasympathetic postganglionic axons of the sacral spinal nerves innervate the:

a. large intestine

b. reproductive organs

c. salivary glands

d. pupillary constrictor muscles

e. urinary bladder

f. ureters

a d e

b c e

a b e f

c d f

a c

a b e f

The CN having multiple terminal and intramural ganglia is:

CN III

CN VII

CN IX

CN X

CN XII

CN X

The sympathetic trunks are located:

superior to the brachial plexus

inferior to the sacral plexus

immediately lateral to the vertebral column

lateral to prevertebral ganglia

in the craniosacral regions

immediately lateral to the vertebral column

The preganglionic sympathetic neuron cell bodies are housed in the:

anterior columns of the spinal cord

posterior columns of the spinal cord

sympathetic trunk

lateral horns of the T1L2 segments of the spinal cord

paravertebral ganglia

lateral horns of the T1L2 segments of the spinal cord

Postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve by the:

white rami communicantes

superior cervical ganglion

gray rami communicantes

splanchnic nerves

pterygopalatine ganglion

gray rami communicantes

The sympathetic postganglionic axons from the superior cervical ganglion innervate:

a. sweat glands in the head

b. sweat glands in the palms

c. smooth muscle of blood vessels in the head

d. smooth muscles of blood vessels in the antebrachial region

e. superior tarsal muscle of the eye

f. submandibular salivary glands

a c e

b d f

a c f

d e f

b d

a c e

Specific prevertebral ganglia are named after the:

effector organ stimulated by the postganglionic axon

major abdominal arteries around which they are found

vertebra from under which the preganglionic axon travels

distance from the corresponding parasympathetic ganglion

early anatomist who discovered and described them

major abdominal arteries around which they are found

Prevertebral ganglia are located:

posterior to the vertebral column

lateral to the vertebral column

anterior to the vertebral column

at the termination site of the postganglionic axon

medial to the dorsal spinal columns

anterior to the vertebral column

Postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion innervate the:

stomach

spleen

liver

gallbladder

all of the choices are correct

all of the choices are correct

There are ____ prevertebral ganglia.

2

3

4

5

12

3

The postganglionic axons from the superior mesenteric ganglion innervate:

the distal half of the duodenum

part of the pancreas

part of the small intestine

the proximal part of the large intestine

all of the choices are correct

all of the choices are correct

The prevertebral ganglion that receives axons that originate in the L1L2 segments of the spinal cord is the ______________ ganglion.

celiac

superior mesenteric

inferior mesenteric

splenic

hepatic

inferior mesenteric

The superior mesenteric ganglion receives preganglionic sympathetic neurons from the ________ segments of the spinal cord.

T1T4

T2T6

T5T9

T7T9

T10T12

T10T12

Splanchnic nerves are composed of:

preganglionic sympathetic axons that synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion

preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion

postganglionic sympathetic axons that synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion

postganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse is a sympathetic trunk ganglion

none of the choices is correct

preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion

Postganglionic axons are:

myelinated

unmyelinated

sometimes myelinated and sometimes unmyelinated

unmyelinated

Gray rami from the sympathetic trunk connect to:

alternating spinal nerves

the cranial nerves

every fourth spinal nerve

all spinal nerves

none of the choices is correct; the gray rami carry impulses to the sympathetic trunk

all spinal nerves

Once inside the sympathetic trunk, the sympathetic preganglionic axons may/will:

remain at the level of entry

travel superiorly

travel inferiorly

follow any of the routes listed

follow any of the routes listed

Which sympathetic pathway involves only a preganglionic axon going to the effector organ?

splanchnic nerve pathway

adrenal medulla pathway

postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

spinal nerve pathway

none of these answers involve only a sympathetic preganglionic axon

adrenal medulla pathway

Which sympathetic pathway involves a preganglionic neuron that synapses with a ganglionic neuron in a sympathetic trunk ganglion, but the postganglionic axon does not leave the trunk via a gray ramus?

splanchnic nerve pathway

adrenal medulla pathway

postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

spinal nerve pathway

none of the choices is correct

postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

The arrector pili muscles receive their sympathetic innervation via the:

splanchnic nerve pathway

adrenal medulla pathway

postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

spinal nerve pathway

none of the choices is correct

spinal nerve pathway

Which sympathetic pathway is responsible for activating the esophagus, heart, lungs, and thoracic blood vessels?

splanchnic nerve pathway

adrenal medulla pathway

postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

spinal nerve pathway

none of the choices is correct

postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

The sympathetic division outflow that results in innervation of the pelvic organs has its spinal cord segment origin at:

T1T2

T1L2

T1T4

T5T12

T10L2

T10L2

Which autonomic plexus consists of postganglionic sympathetic axons that come off the cervical and thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia, as well as preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve?

esophageal plexus

pulmonary plexus

abdominal aortic plexus

hypogastric plexus

cardiac plexus

cardiac plexus

Which autonomic plexus innervates viscera within the pelvic region?

esophageal plexus

pulmonary plexus

abdominal aortic plexus

hypogastric plexus

cardiac plexus

hypogastric plexus

The cardiac sphincter is innervated by parasympathetic axons coming from the __________ plexus.

esophageal

abdominal aortic

pulmonary

hypogastric

cardiac

esophageal

Which type of innervation causes pupil dilation?

parasympathetic

sympathetic

sympathetic

Which type of innervation causes reduced blood flow to the digestive tract?

parasympathetic

sympathetic

sympathetic

Which type of innervation causes the heart rate to increase?

parasympathetic

sympathetic

sympathetic

Which may be involved in an autonomic reflex?

cardiac muscle contraction

smooth muscle contraction

secretion by glands

all of the choices are correct

none of the choices is correct

all of the choices are correct

In the brain, the _______________ is the integration and command center for autonomic functions.

medulla

cerebral cortex

spinal cord

brainstem

hypothalamus

hypothalamus

The centers for cardiac, digestive, and vasomotor functions are housed within the:

brainstem

hypothalamus

spinal cord

cerebral cortex

cerebellum

brainstem

The parasympathetic autonomic responses associated with defecation and urination are processed and controlled at the level of the:

brainstem

hypothalamus

spinal cord

cerebellum

limbic center

spinal cord

During it embryological development, the autonomic nervous system forms from:

neural tube cells

neural crest cells

both neural tube cells and neural crest cells

both neural tube cells and neural crest cells

The sympathetic trunk begins to form during week:

4

5

6

8

10

6

The developing heart and lungs begin to receive autonomic innervation in the _____ week of development.

4th

5th

6th

10th

16th

10th

The number of ganglia that may be associated with motor neurons of the somatic nervous system is:

1

2

3

4

0

0

The diagram below illustrates an example of a(n): (sympathetic nerve pathway)

spinal nerve pathway

sympathetic nerve pathway

adrenal medulla pathway

splanchnic nerve pathway

sympathetic nerve pathway

Which of the diagrams illustrates a parasympathetic ANS pathway? (1)

1

2

1

Which number indicates a postganglionic axon? (5)

3

4

5

6

7

5

True or False

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system are part of both the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system.

true

True or False

The autonomic nervous system may receive input from visceral sensory neurons.

true

True or False

The ANS uses pathways that include two-neuron chains to innervate its effector organs.

true

True or False

Neuronal divergence occurs when axons from one preganglionic cell synapse on numerous ganglionic cells.

true

True or False

Both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems may have sensory input from general somatic senses.

true

True or False

The somatic nervous system is capable of both the excitation and inhibition of effectors.

false

True or False

Both types of axons of the sympathetic branch of the ANS use norepinephrine as the neurotransmitter.

false

True or False

The parasympathetic division of the ANS is also called the craniosacral division.

true

True or False

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also called the thoracosacral division.

false

True or False

Terminal and intramural ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic branch of the ANS.

true

True or False

The postganglionic axons of the sympathetic branch of the ANS are considered short.

false

True or False

With respect to divergence of axons in the sympathetic division of the ANS, one axon innervates fewer than four ganglionic cell bodies.

false

True or False

Paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia are part of the parasympathetic branch of the ANS.

false

True or False

Parasympathetic stimulation of the ciliary muscles allows one to see close-up objects.

true

True or False

Postganglionic axons of the parasympathetic branch of the ANS cause increased secretion by the lacrimal glands.

true

True or False

Parasympathetic postganglionic axons from the otic ganglion cause an increase in secretion from the parotid salivary glands.

true

True or False

Parasympathetic activity is responsible for increased smooth muscle motility and secretory activity in digestive tract organs.

true

True or False

The parasympathetic innervation from the pelvic splanchnic nerves is responsible for erection of the female clitoris and the male penis.

true

True or False

The lack of extensive divergence of parasympathetic preganglionic axons prevents the mass activation seen in the sympathetic division.

true

True or False

White rami communicantes carry preganglionic sympathetic axons from the T1L2 spinal nerves to the sympathetic trunk.

true

True or False

The superior mesenteric ganglion of the sympathetic branch of the ANS is adjacent to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery.

true

True or False

Sweating is a result of sympathetic stimulation.

true

True or False

Micturition is partly the result of autonomic stimulation of the urinary bladder.

true

True or False

The ANS functions independently of any influence from the CNS.

false

The second neuron is an autonomic pathway is called a ____________ neuron.

ganglionic

Neuronal _____________ occurs when axons from numerous preganglionic cells synapse on a single ganglionic cell.

convergence

White rami appear white in color due to the fact that they are _____________.

myelinated

The ____________ division of the ANS is most commonly associated with the preparation of the body for emergencies.

sympathetic

Parasympathetic ______________ axons are longer than their counterparts in the sympathetic division.

preganglionic

In the parasympathetic division, ____________ ganglia are located in the wall of the target organ.

intramural

In the parasympathetic division, __________ ganglia are located close to the target organ.

terminal

“Rest and digest,” as well as the maintenance of homeostasis, is associated with the action of the ____________ division of the ANS.

parasympathetic

The parasympathetic postganglionic axons that travel to the pupillary constrictor muscle result in pupil ____________ when the eye is exposed to bright light.

constriction

The sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed in the ________ horn of the appropriate thoracolumbar regions of the spinal cord.

lateral

Except for the _________ region of the spinal cord, one sympathetic trunk ganglion is approximately associated with each spinal nerve.

cervical

_______ rami communicantes carry postganglionic sympathetic axons from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerves.

Gray

____________ nerves are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic ganglion.

Spanchnic

The ___________ mesenteric ganglion receives preganglionic sympathetic neurons from the T10T12 segments of the spinal cord.

superior

The ______________ ganglia differ from the sympathetic trunk ganglia segments in that they are single structures, rather than paired.

prevertebral

An axon takes the ________ nerve pathway is a preganglionic neuron synapses with a ganglion neuron in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.

spinal

Autonomic ___________ are collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons and parasympathetic preganglionic axons, as well as some visceral sensory axons.

plexuses

The abdominal _______ plexus of the celiac plexus, superior mesenteric plexus, and inferior mesenteric plexus.

aortic

Both the cardiac plexus and the _____________ plexus consist of postganglionic sympathetic axons from the thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia and preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve.

pulmonary

All ANS preganglionic axons release _______________ as their neurotransmitter.

acetylcholine

The axons that release norepinephrine are called ___________.

adrenergic

Many visceral effectors have ______ innervation, meaning that they are innervated by postganglionic axons from both ANS divisions.

dual