BIO54 MIDTERM #2: Diabetes

Diabetes

high level of glucose - a type of sugar- in the blood

Hyperglycemia

elevated blood glucose level

Insulin

a hormone secreted by the pancreas, stimulates cells to take up glucose from the bloodstream and carry it into the cell where it is used or stored

- without it, cells cannot take up glucose, and blood glucose levels become permanently elevated

Type 1 Diabetes

autoimmune disease in which an individual's immune system attacks and destroys normal insulin-making cells in the pancreas, it is also called insulin-dependent diabetes

- people with this require insulin injections or infusions and must carefully monitor their diet and exercise levels

- elevated glucose levels wreaks havoc with tissues and organs in the body

- damage affects kidneys, nerves in the hands and feet, and has other serious health issues

Type 2 Diabetes

- (non-insulin dependent) the pancreas does not make sufficient insulin, or body cells are resistant to its effects and don't efficiently use the insulin that is available

- 90-95% of all diabetes cases

Gestational Diabetes

state of high blood glucose during pregnancy

Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

Diabetes: 126 and above

Pre-Diabetes: 100-125

Normal: 99 and below

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

Diabetes: 200 and above

Pre-Diabetes: 140-199

Normal: 139 and below

Hemoglobin A1C

- gives the average value of a patient's blood glucose over the past 2-3 months, instead of at one moment in time

Diabetes: 6.5 and above

Pre-Diabetes: 5.7-6.4

Normal: 5.7 and below

The CDC approximates how many people have diabetes?

30 million

The form of diabetes in which the immune system destroys insulin-making cells in the pancreas is...

type 1

Which organ secretes insulin?

pancreas

People with type 1 diabetes are dependent upon...

daily insulin injections

For patients with pre-diabetes, what strategies does the diabetes prevention program show is effective in reducing the risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes?

Regular physical activity and losing 5 to 7 percent of current body weight

Nerve damage associated with diabetes usually causes numbness in...

the hands and feet (where there are little arteries)

People with uncontrolled diabetes can develop blindness due to...

damage to blood vessels of the eyes

In a state of diabetic ketoacidosis...

an individual can fall into coma and die

Age, ethnicity, genetics, and biological factors are...

non-modifiable risk factors for diabetes

Kara was tested for diabetes. Her fasting plasma glucose test showed a level of 120. This indicated that...

Kara has pre-diabetes

Which of the following occurs as a result of gestational diabetes?

the mother has a reduced risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes after giving birth