Module 1: History of Psychology

Biological Perspective

Focuses on the physical bases of human/animal behavior

Psychodynamic Perspective

Focuses on unconscious influences, early life experiences, and inter-personal relationships

Behavioral Perspective

Focuses on how our environment influences our behaviors

Humanistic Perspective

Emphasis that humans have potential to grow psychologically

Cognitive Perspective

Focus on mental process (thinking, problem solving, learning)

Positive Perspective

Focuses on positive behaviors and emotions

Cross-cultural Perspective

Looks at how different cultures influence behavior

Evolutionary Perspective

Analyzes behaviors and how they determine chances of survival and reproduction

What does the science of fetal origins refer to?

Hypothesis that proposes a mother's lifestyle choices affect baby's risk of certain heath diseases

What diseases have been associated with what happens during prenatal development?

Cancer, allergies, asthma, diabetes, obesity, mental illness

What is meant by the nature-nurture debate?

Debate on whether how we are raised, or our genetics, influences our behavior

What important brain discovery was made in the early 1700s?

Damage to one side of the brain causes loss of function on the other side

What important brain discovery was made in the early 1800s?

Different parts of the brain are responsible for different functions

What did Rene Descartes mean by interactive dualism?

The mind and body are separate entities and that work together to produce sensations, emotions, and other conscious experiences

Know the subject matter Structuralism emphasized.

Early school: even our most complex conscious experience could be broken down

Who founded the school of structuralism?

Wilhelm Wundt

Know the subject matter Functionalism emphasized.

Emphasized human consciousness and how it's evolved

Who founded the school of functionalism?

William James

Know the subject matter Behaviorism emphasized.

Focuses on observable and measurable behavior

Who founded the school of behaviorism?

John B. Watson

Know the subject matter Gestalt School emphasized.

Focused on sensation and perception/how objects & patterns are perceived

Who founded the Gestalt School?

Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffa, Wolfgang Kohler

Know the subject matter Psychoanalysis emphasized.

Focused on the importance on unconscious, early childhood experiences and sexuality

Who founded the school on psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud

Who established the first psychological lab in Germany in 1879?

E.B Titchener

What was introspection?

Patients view simple stimulus and asked to tell the sensations they feel immediately after they viewed it

What was introspection used to study?

Structure of the mind and conscious experiences

Which school advocated introspection's use?

Structuralism

What were the contributions of G. Stanley Hall?

1. Earned first PhD in psychology in the US

2. Founded first psych lab in the US

G. Stanley Hall

3. Published first US psych journal

G. Stanley Hall

4. Founded the APA and was it's first president

G. Stanley Hall

What were the contributions of Francis Sumner?

1. First African American to earn PhD in psychology

Who Graduated more African American psychologists than any other colleges

Francis Sumner

Who helped overturn segregation in schools

Francis Summner

Who was the first woman president of the APA?

Mary Whiton Calkins

Who was the first American woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology?

Margaret Floy Washington

Whose essay published in the mid-1800s influenced the founder of Functionalism?

Charles Darwin

Who wrote Principles of Psychology?

William James

What were the contributions of the School of Functionalism?

It was able to include children, animals, and abnormal behavior in research

Whose research influenced John B. Watson?

Ivan Pavlov

What did Watson believe should be the focus of the new science of psychology?

Observable and measurable behaviors

What was the focus of the Gestalt school?

Perception (depth perception, top-down/bottom-up perception)

How did Psychoanalysis differ from the other early classical schools?

It focused on unconscious experiences rather than conscious

Who were two psychologists who founded the humanistic movement?

Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow

When was the humanistic perspective established?

1950's

Describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Pyramid of needs (physiological needs, safety, love, self esteem) - Satisfy each level to become self-actualized

What does it mean to be self-actualized?

Realzing one's potential and reaching your max potential

Give one-two examples of self-actualized people.

Abraham Lincoln, Eleanor Roosevelt

Distinguish between the different types of psychologists (Biological)

They explore relationships between psychological processes and body systems

Distinguish between the different types of psychologists (Cognitive)

Research mental process (thinking, learning, memory)

Distinguish between the different types of psychologists (Developmental)

Study physical, social and psychological changes throughout life

Distinguish between the different types of psychologists (Experimental)

Study basic psychological processes

Distinguish between the different types of psychologists (Personality)

Explain the nature of human personality

Distinguish between the different types of psychologists (Clinical)

Focus on causes, diagnosis and treatment for psychological disorders

Distinguish between the different types of psychologists (Educational)

Applies psychological principles to methods of learning

Distinguish between the different types of psychologists (Social)

Understand how behaviors and emotions are influenced by social factors

Distinguish between the different types of psychologists (Health)

Research psychological factors in treatment, prevention, and development

Distinguish between the different types of psychologists (Industrial-organizational)

Understand the relationship between people and work