AP World History - Unit 5: Revolutions (copy)

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The Enlightenment

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53 Terms

1

The Enlightenment

17th and 18th centuries - humankind in relation to government

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Divine Right

church allied with strong monarchs, monarchs believed they were ordained by God to rule - people had moral/religious obligation too obey

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Social Contract

Governments not formed by divine decree, but to meet social and economic needs

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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

government should preserve peace/stability - all powerful rule, heavy-handed

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John Locke (1632-1704)

Men are all born equal, mankind is good and rational - primary role of government was to secure and guarantee natural rights and revolting is justified if not

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

all men are equal, society organized according to general will of people - government is protection by community and both being free

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Voltaire (1694-1778)

Espoused idea of religious toleration

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Montesquieu (1689-1775)

separation of powers among branches of government

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David Hume (1711-1776)

lack of empirical evidence casts doubt on religion

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10

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

an “invisible hand” will regulate economy if it is left alone

  • Free market system (Capitalism)

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11

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)

women should have political rights, including voting and holding office

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Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

knowledge exists beyond what is deduced from use of only observation or only reason

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Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)

criminals retain some rights and state should not practice cruel punishment

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Enlightened monarchs

Utilized ideas of tolerance, justice, improving quality of life

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Neoclassical Period

Middle of 18th century - imitated style of ancient Greek/Roman architecture

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16

American Revolution (1773-1781)

After British defeated France over American territory in Seven' Year’s War, Americans began revolting against British rulership until they eventually gained independence with aid from France

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Laws Passed by British that Angered Americans

Revenue Act (1764), Stamp Act (1765), Tea Act (1773) - intended to raise funds for British government

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Boston Tea Party Event (1775)

Event that Started American Revolution - colonists dumping imported tea in harbour to protest Tea Act

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Thomas Paine

wrote Common Sense, encouraging colonizers to form a better government than the monarchy

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20

French Revolution

French civilians began revolting against poor French monarchial leadership, but had difficulty developing new systems of government on their road to independence

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What caused French Revolution?

France was running out of money from monarch spending, wars, and droughts - Louis XVI proposed raising taxes to the Estates-General

  • Third Estate was facing being shut out of new constitution - formed National Assembly in 1789 and peasants stormed the Bastille shortly after

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Estates-General

governing body infrequently called by the kings - three estates with representatives:

  1. First Estate: clergy

  2. Second Estate: noble families

  3. Third Estate: everyone else

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23

Declaration of the Rights of Man

adopted by National Assembly in 1789 and caused big changes in French government structure - Established a constitutional monarchy at first, but new constitution development led to the Convention being the new ruling body

  • France become a republic (led by Jacobins who later beheaded the king)

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Committee of Public Safety

After French Convention threw out constitution again - enforcer of revolution and murdered any anti-revolution people

  • led by Maximilien Robespierre (beheaded in 1795 for another new constitution)

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French Directory (1795)

another new French constitution - Built up military, with Napoleon Bonaparte as one of the generals

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Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French Directory in 1799 and established the Napoleonic Codes

  • Recognized equality of men

  • Dissolved the Holy Roman Empire with French military

  • Power hungry and kept invading nearby countries

  • Defeated at Waterloo in 1813 and Congress of Vienna occurred to discuss what to do with France

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Congress of Vienna (1813)

Determined that France should be maintained through a balance of power with other European nations

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28

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

France enslaved many Haitians, who eventually revolted successfully, led by Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture

  • Jacques Dessalines, a former slave, became the first governor-general in 1804

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Unrest in South America Over Spanish Colonization

Napoleon invaded Spain and appointed his brother Joseph Bonaparte to the throne in South America

  • Colonists ejected French and appointed own leader in Venezuela, SimĂłn BolĂ­var

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SimĂłn BolĂ­var

Established a national congress in South America (Venezuela) and eventually helped them declare independence from Spain in 1811

  • Opposed by Spanish royalists, who declared a civil war against him

  • Bolivar won eventually won freedom for Gran Colombia (Columbia, Ecuador, Venezuela)

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José de San Martin

Took command of Argentinian, Chilean, Peruvian armies, and defeated many Spanish forces to also declare their independence from Spain

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Independence in Brazil

John VI of Portugal fled to Brazil when Napoleon invaded Portugal

  • His son Pedro became the emperor of Brazil and declared it independent with a constitution

  • Pedro’s son Pedro II took over and abolished slavery

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Independence in Mexico

Priest Miguel Hidalgo led a revolt against Spanish rule in 1810, who was later killed by them

  • Jose Morelos picked up where he left off and independence achieved in 1821 - Treaty of Cordoba

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Treaty of Cordoba (1821

Spain recognizing their 300-year-old control of Latin America was ending - Mexico gained independence, soon followed by the rest of Central America

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Neocolonialism

independent nations still controlled for economic and political interests

  • Riches accumulated often stayed within wealthy landowning class

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Mexican Revolution (1910-1917)

protest of neocolonialism - rejection of Porfirio Diaz’s dictatorship to protest impoverished conditions of civilians

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Resistance in Peru

Tupac Amaru II led revolt in Peru against Spanish occupiers

  • captured and executed, but inspired Latin American resistance movements and served as a symbol of liberation

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Resistance in West Africa

Samory Touré established Islamic Wassoulou Empire in 1878, leading resistance against Frence

  • Eventually captured, but his legacy inspired local resistance to French colonialism

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Resistance in Sudan

Muhammad Ali of Egypt invaded Sudan in 1819, so Muhammad Ahmad led the Sudanese Mahadists in a revolt against his colonial rule - ultimately ended by British intervention

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Resistance in US

Sioux performed a sacred ritual, the Ghost Dance, on their reservation to resist against US government

  • US Army fired at Sioux and despite Sioux fighting back, 300 of them were killed

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Industrial Revolution

New technologies caused an increase in manufacturing and agriculture causing many to flock to cities (Urbanization)

  • Began in Britain in 19th century - spread through Europe, Japan, US

  • Gave nations power to quickly exploit colony resources and be imperialists

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New Advancements that Changed Production

  1. Flying shuttle: sped up waving process

  2. Spinning jenny: spinning vast amounts of thread

  3. Cotton gin: invented by Eli Whitney - processed massive amounts of cotton quickly

  4. Steam engine - Thomas Newcomer, James Watt

  5. Steamship - Robert Fulton

  6. Steam-powered Locomotive - George Stephenson

  7. Telegraph: communication with great distances in seconds

  8. Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell

  9. Lightbulb

  10. Internal Combustion Engine for cars

  11. Radio

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43

Charles Darwin

British scientist who proposed theory of natural selection and changed way people viewed existence of the world

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44

How did factories speed of creation of product?

  • Interchangeable parts: machines could be replaces or fixed quickly

  • Assembly line: each worker had one small part in production - man became the machine

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Working Conditions of Factories

Workers were overworked, underpaid, and working in unsafe conditions - child labour was common

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Industrialism Causing New Social Classes

  • Aristocrats were those rich from industrial success

  • Middle class of skilled professionals

  • Huge working class

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Karl Marx

Wrote The Communist Manifesto

  • Working class take over means of production and all resources would be equally

  • Marxism was foundation for socialism and communism

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48

Luddites

European Marxist workers who destroyed equipment in middle of night to protest working conditions

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Factory Act of 1883

Limited hours of each workday, restricted children from working, factory owners had to make conditions safer

  • Labour Unions

  • Living conditions improved - middle class became larger, public education increased, social mobility became more common

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50

Nationalism Movement in Italy

  • Count Camillo Cavour named prime minister of Sardinia by Victor Emmanuel II who pushed for nationalism

  • after Giuseppe Garibaldi, another nationalist, overthrew other Italian kingdoms, a lot of Italy was unified in 1861

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51

Nationalism in Germany

When Otto von Bismarck was elected as prime minister by the Emperor, he defeated Austria and engaged in the Franco-Prussian War to create the new German Empire

  • New emperor William II forced Bismarck to resign and built a huge military force

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Nationalism in Russia

Alexander II began reforms in Russia - Emancipation Edict: abolished serfdom but had little effect

  • intellectual political group The People’s Will assassinated Alexander II over his ineffective leadership

  • Alexander III started Russification: all had to learn the Russian language and convert to Russian Orthodoxy

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53

Nationalism

Desire of people of common cultural heritage to form independent nation-state/empires that protects their cultural identity

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