Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1

Axial portion

Includes the head, neck, and trunk

appendicular portion

upper and lower limbs

cranial cavity

Contains the brain

vertebral cavity

Cavity housing spinal cord protected by vertebral column

thoracic cavity

Chest Cavity, houses lungs

abdominal cavity

body cavity containing the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and other organs

viscera

Pertaining to internal organs

diaphragm

(anatomy) a muscular partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities

serous membrane

A thin membrane lining the closed cavities of the body

pleural membranes

serous membranes that enclose the lungs and line the chest wall

pericardial membrane

lines the heart cavity and protects the heart

peritoneal membrane

membranes that line the abdominopelvic cavity and cover the organs inside

integumentary system

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail

skeletal system

1. Function- to provide support for the body, to protect delicate internal organs and to provide attachment sites for the organ

muscular system

Consists of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joint

endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

cardiovascular system

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

lymphatic system

Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels; picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood; Involved with immunity; Without the system, the body would swell ad fluid becomes trapped in your tissues

digestive system

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

respiratory system

A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

urinary system

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.

superior

a part above another part

inferior

a part below another part

anterior

towards the front

posterior

towards the back

medial

closer to the imaginary midline dividing a body

lateral

towards the side, away from the midline

bilateral

paired structures on either side of the body

ipsilateral

refers to structures on the same side of the body

contralateral

refers to a structure on the opposite side

proximal

closer to the trunk

distal

further from the trunk

superficial

close to the surface

deep

describes more internal parts

abdominal

region between the thorax and pelvis

acromial

point of the shoulder

antebrachial

forearm

antecubital

space in front of the elbow

axillary

armpit

brachial

arm

buccal

cheek

carpal

wrist

celiac

abdomen

cephalic

head

cervical

neck

costal

ribs

coxal

hip

crural

leg

cubital

elbow

digital

fingers or toes

dorsum

back

femoral

thigh

frontal

forehead

genital

reproductive organs

gluteal

buttocks

inguinal

depressed are of abdominal wall, near the thigh, aka. groin

lumbar

lower back between the ribs and pelvis

mammary

breasts

mental

chin

nasal

nose

occipital

lower posterior region of the head

oral

mouth

orbital

eye cavity

otic

ear

palmar

palm

patellar

front of the knee

pectoral

chest

perineal

region between anus and external reproductive organs

plantar

sole of foot

pedal

foot

popliteal

posterior regions of knee

sacral

posterior region between the hip bones

sternal

middle of the thorax

sural

calf of leg

tarsal

instep of foot (ankle)

umbilical

navel

vertebral

spinal column

Characteristics of Life

Movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion

homeostasis

maintenance of a stable internal environment

Levels of Organization

Subatomic, Atom, Molecule, Macromolecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

Metabolism

chemical changes in the body

anatomy

the study of the structure of the human body and its parts

physiology

the study of the functions of the human body and its parts

pelvic cavity

contains reproductive organs, as well as the bladder

anatomical position

standing erect, facing forward with upper limbs at the sides and palms facing forward

midsagittal

longitudinal cut that divides the body into equal left and right portions

parasagittal

longitudinal cut that divides the body into unequal left and right portions

transverse

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

coronal

longitudinal cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

right hypochondriac region

upper part of the abdomen on the patients right side

epigastric region

The upper part of your abdomen, which sits below your rib cage

left hypochondriac region

upper part of the abdomen on the patients left side

umbilical region

The middle region of the abdomen centered around the navel.

right lateral region

next to the umbilical region on the patients right

left lateral region

next to the umbilical region on the patients left

pubic region

the lower part of the abdomen just above the external genital organs

right inaugural region

the lower part of the abdomen on the patients right side

left inaugural region

the lower part of the abdomen on the patients left side

mediastinum

the part of the thoracic cavity between the lungs that contains the heart and aorta

homeostasis mechanisms

self regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed