BIOL 1308 (27-30)

How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes the same?

• Both are cells, the basic unit of life

• Both have a cell membrane (controls what enters/leaves)

• Both contain cytoplasm (fluid inside the cell)

• Both have DNA (genetic material)

• Both have ribosomes (make proteins

How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different?

Eukaryotic cells are way more complex than prokaryotic cells, within cytoplasm is a variety of membrane bound organelles, specialized structures in form and function, eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells

Identify these as prokaryotes or eukaryotes: human cell, bacterial cell, plant cell, mushroom cell, worm cell.

• Human cell (eukaryotic)

• Bacterial cell (prokaryotic)

• Plant cell (eukaryotic)

• Mushroom cell (eukaryotic)

• Worm cell (eukaryotic)

Define the structure, parts, and functions of the following cell organelles: mitochondria

• Makes ATP (energy)

• Uses oxygen (aerobic respiration)

• Has folded inner membrane (cristae

Structure

• 2 membranes

◼smooth outer membrane

◼highly folded inner membrane

◼the cristae

• Fluid filled space between 2 membranes

• internal fluid filled space

◼mitochondrial matrix

◼DNA, ribosomes & enzymes

Define the structure, parts, and functions of the following cell organelles: Ribosomes

Function

• Protein synthesis 

Structure

• ribosomes contain rRNA & protein

• composed of 2 subunits that combine to carry out protein synthesis
  

Types of Ribosomes

Free ribosomes

• suspended in cytosol

• synthesize proteins that function within cytosol

Bound ribosomes

• attached to outside of endoplasmic reticulum 

• synthesize proteins for export or for membranes

Define the structure, parts, and functions of the following cell organelles: Nucleus

• Structure: Large, membrane-bound organelle

• Parts: Nuclear envelope (double membrane), nuclear pores, nucleolus, chromatin (DNA)

• Function: Stores DNA and controls cell activities

Define the structure, parts, and functions of the following cell organelles: lysosome

Lysosomes

• Function

a little “stomach” for the cell

◼lyso = breaking things apart

◼some = body

also the “clean up crew” of the cell

• Structure: Small membrane-bound sac filled with enzymes

• Parts: Digestive enzymes inside a membrane

• Function: Breaks down waste, old organelles, and macromolecules

Define the structure, parts, and functions of the following cell organelles: vacuole

• Structure: Membrane-bound sac (large in plant cells)

• Parts: Vacuolar membrane + fluid (cell sap)

• Function: Storage (water, nutrients, waste); in plants, maintains turgor pressure

Define the structure, parts, and functions of the following cell organelles: endoplasmic reticulum

Function

• manufactures proteins & performs many bio synthesis functions

Structure

• membrane connected to nuclear envelope & extends throughout cell

• accounts for 50% membranes in eukaryotic cell

◼Rough ER = bound ribosomes

◼Smooth ER = no ribosomes

• Structure: Network of folded membranes

• Parts:

  • Rough ER (has ribosomes)

  • Smooth ER (no ribosomes)

• Function:

  • Rough ER → Protein processing & transport

  • Smooth ER → Lipid synthesis & detoxification

Define the structure, parts, and functions of the following cell organelles: cell membrane

• Structure: Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

• Parts: Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol (in animal cells)

• Function: Controls what enters and leaves the cell (selectively permeable)

Define the structure, parts, and functions of the following cell organelles: Golgi apparatus.

Golgi processing

• During path from cis to trans, products from ER are modified into final form

• tags, sorts, & packages materials into transport vesicles

Golgi = “UPS center” 

Transport vesicles = “packages”

◼delivering packages that have been tagged with their own barcodes

Lysosomes

Structure

• Membrane- bounded sac of hydrolytic enzymes

• enzymes & membrane of lysosomes are synthesized by rough ER & transferred to the Golgi