Study Guide: Integumentary System and Skeletal Anatomy

Flashcards covering key concepts from Chapters 05 to 08 related to the integumentary system and skeletal anatomy.

What layers comprise the epidermis, and what are their functions?

The layers of the epidermis include the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale, each serving specific functions such as protection, sensation, and keratin production.

What are the main structures of the dermis?

The dermis contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerve receptors.

What are some key nerve receptors found in the skin?

Key nerve receptors include Meissner's corpuscles (touch), Pacinian corpuscles (pressure), and free nerve endings (pain and temperature).

What is the role of Vitamin D in the body?

Vitamin D aids in the regulation of calcium and phosphate in the body, which is crucial for maintaining healthy bones.

What are the characteristics of the eccrine and apocrine glands?

Eccrine glands are sweat glands involved in temperature regulation, while apocrine glands are associated with hair follicles and become active in puberty.

What are the primary functions of the skin?

The skin functions in protection, sensation, thermoregulation, excretion, and synthesis of vitamin D.

What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?

Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation that occurs primarily in the bone marrow.

What are the classifications of bone shapes?

Bone shapes are classified into long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones.

What is Wolff's Law?

Wolff's Law states that bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads under which it is placed.

What is the process of intramembranous ossification?

Intramembranous ossification is the process by which bone develops directly from mesenchymal tissue.

How does endochondral ossification occur?

Endochondral ossification involves the formation of bone from a cartilage model during fetal development.

What are the regions of the growth plate?

The regions of the growth plate include the zone of resting cartilage, zone of proliferation, zone of hypertrophy, and zone of ossification.

What is a unique feature of the hyoid bone?

The hyoid bone is unique because it does not articulate with any other bones and supports the tongue.

What is the composition of the axial skeleton?

The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

How many bones are in the cranial cavity?

There are eight bones in the cranial cavity.

What distinguishes true ribs from false ribs?

True ribs (1-7) attach directly to the sternum, while false ribs (8-12) do not attach directly or attach to the sternum indirectly.

What are the major landmarks of the scapula?

Major landmarks of the scapula include the glenoid cavity, acromion, and coracoid process.

What are the names of the carpal bones?

The carpal bones are: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.

Name the parts of an individual vertebrae.

The parts of a vertebra include the body, vertebral arch (made up of pedicles and laminae), spinous process, transverse processes, and vertebral foramen.

What are the major landmarks of the tibia and fibula?

Major landmarks of the tibia include the tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus, and the lateral condyle, while the fibula includes the lateral malleolus.

What are phalanges and how are they categorized?

Phalanges are the bones of the fingers and toes, categorized into proximal, middle (except for the thumb and big toe), and distal phalanges.