Discovering Design with Chemistry - Chapter 9

Chemistry sucks, but let's hope this helps me learn it better

Solute

Substance dissolved into a solvent to form a solution

Solvent

Substance that solutes are dissolved into to make a solution.

What is the most present in a solution?

The solvent

Solution

Homogenous mixture of two or more substances

Alloy

Solution with a metal and other solids

Does the solute dissolve into the solvent, or the solvent into the solute?

The solute dissolves into the solvent

What is the chemical equation for an ammonium ion?

The chemical equation for an ammonium ion is NH₄⁺.

What is the name of the chemical whose chemical equation is NH₄⁺?

Ammonium ion

What does it mean if there is an (aq) symbol behind a chemical formula?

It indicates the substance is dissolved in water, forming an aqueous solution.

What is an aqueous solution?

An aqueous solution is a mixture where water is the solvent, allowing substances to dissolve.

What is an alloy?

An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals or a metal and another element, which enhances properties like strength and resistance.

What is solubility?

Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent, typically measured in terms of concentration in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature.

What is a saturated solution?

A saturated solution is a mixture in which no more solute can dissolve in the solvent at a given temperature, indicating an equilibrium between solute and solvent.

What is a precipitate?

A precipitate is an insoluble solid that forms when two solutions react and the solute concentration exceeds its solubility, causing it to separate from the liquid mixture.

What is concentration in chemistry?

Concentration in chemistry refers to the amount of solute present in a given volume of solvent or solution, often expressed in terms of molarity, molality, or percentage.

If a solution is mostly copper, with a bit of tin, what is the solvent? What is the solute? And what do we call the solution?

The solvent is copper, the solute is tin, and the solution is called an alloy.

Do ions conduct electricity?

Yes, ions conduct electricity when they are dissolved in a solution or molten state, allowing them to move freely and carry an electric charge.

In which phases can solutions be made?

Solutions can be made in solid, liquid, and gas phases. They consist of a solute and a solvent in any of these states.

What is crystal lattice?

A crystal lattice is a three-dimensional arrangement of atoms or molecules in a repeating pattern that forms a solid crystal structure. This arrangement contributes to the properties of the crystalline material.

What happens when ionic compounds dissolve?

They break apart into ions that disperse in the solvent, allowing for conductivity.

What are ionic compounds made up of?

Ionic compounds are made up of positively and negatively charged ions, which are held together by ionic bonds.

What happens when polar covalent compounds dissolve?

They separate into individual molecules, often interacting with the solvent to create hydrogen bonds, enhancing solubility.

How do you increase the solubility of a gaseous solute?

Increasing the pressure or lowering the temperature can enhance the solubility of a gaseous solute.

How do you increase the solubility of a solid solute?

Increasing the temperature or stirring the solution can enhance the solubility of a solid solute.

How do you make a solid substance dissolve faster?

By increasing the temperature, stirring, or decreasing particle size.

You lower the temperature and increase the pressure of a substance to make it dissolve faster. In what phase is the substance?

In the gaseous phase.

You increase the temperature of a substance to make it dissolve faster. In which state is the substance?

In the solid or liquid state.

If there is a saturated solution with a solid solute, and you decrease the temperature, what will happen?

The solute may precipitate out as the solution can hold less solute at lower temperatures.

The behavior of a chemical often depends on (…)

concentration

What is molarity used for?

To express the concentration of a solution.

What is the equation for molarity?

M = moles of solute / liters of solution.

What is the equation for Molality?

molality = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent (molality is usually referred to as m)

What are volumetric flasks?

Volumetric flasks are laboratory glassware used to prepare precise dilutions and solutions. They are designed with a narrow neck and a calibrated line to allow for accurate measurement of liquid volumes.

What does it mean when you calibrate your thermometer?

Calibrating your thermometer means adjusting it to ensure that the temperature readings are accurate, typically by comparing it against a known standard or reference point.

What is freezing point depression?

Freezing point depression is the phenomenon where the freezing point of a solvent decreases when a solute is added. This occurs due to the disruption of the solvent's intermolecular forces by the solute particles.

What is the equation to calculate freezing point depression?

The equation to calculate freezing point depression is ( \Delta Tf = i Kf m ), where ( \Delta Tf ) is the decrease in freezing point, ( i ) is the van't Hoff factor, ( Kf ) is the freezing point depression constant of the solvent, and ( m ) is the molality of the solution.

What does the i stand for in the freezing point depression equation?

The "i" in the freezing point depression equation stands for the van't Hoff factor, which indicates the number of particles into which a solute dissociates in solution.

What is the boiling point elevation equation?

The boiling point elevation equation is ( \Delta Tb = i Kb m ), where ( \Delta Tb ) is the increase in boiling point, ( i ) is the van't Hoff factor, ( Kb ) is the boiling point elevation constant of the solvent, and ( m ) is the molality of the solution.