AP 2025 Required Verbs

sum, esse, fui, futurum

to be

possum, posse, potui

to be able, have power, can

do, dare, dedi, datum

to give, hand over, deliver, give up, pay, surrender, grant

video, -ere, vidi, visum

to see, discern, perceive; (in passive) to seem

facio, -ere, feci, factum

to make, build, produce, compose; do, perform, make

dico, -ere, dixi, dictum

to say, speak, utter, tell, mention, relate, affirm, declare, state, assert

habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum

to have, hold, support, carry, wear

fero, ferre, tuli, latum

to bear, carry, support, lift, hold, take up; report

venio, -ire, veni, ventum

to come

volo, velle, volui

to will, wish, want, purpose, be minded, determine

ago, -ere, egi, actum

to put in motion, do, act, move, lead, drive

peto, -ere, -ivi (or -ii), -itum

to strive for, seek, aim at, make for, travel to, ask for

iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum

to order, give an order, bid, tell, command

eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum

to go, walk, ride, sail, fly, move, pass

vinco, -ere, vici, victum

to conquer, defeat, be victorious, win, succeed

pono, -ere, posui, positum

to put down, set down, put, place, set, fix, lay, deposit

teneo, -ere, tenui, tentum

to hold, keep, have, grasp, hold fast

sequor, -i, secutus sum

to follow, come after, follow after, accompany

credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum

(with dat.) to believe, trust; to confide in, have confidence in

accipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum

to take without effort, receive, get, accept, hear

quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesitum

to seek, look for

mitto, -ere, misi, missum

to send, cause to go, let go, send off, dispatch

capio, -ere, cepi, captum

to take in hand, take hold of, lay hold of, take, seize, grasp

duco, -ere, -xi, -ctum

to lead, conduct, guide, direct, draw, bring, fetch, escort

relinquo, -ere, -liqui, -lictum

to leave behind, give up, leave, abandon

fio, fieri, factus sum

to happen, be done; become

timeo, -ere, -ui

to fear, be afraid, be fearful, apprehensive, dread

debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum

to owe, be in debt; ought, must, should

vivo, -ere, vixi, victum

to live, be alive, have life

voco, -are, -avi, -atum

to call, summon, invoke, call together, convoke

paro, -are, -avi, -atum

to prepare, make ready, furnish, provide; arrange, order, design

inquam (defective verb, inquis, inquit, inquimus, inquiunt)

to say

audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum

to hear, listen (to)

puto, -are, -avi, -atum

to believe, think, suppose; clean, trim

sto, -are, steti, statum

to stand, stand still, remain standing, be upright, be erect

refero, referre, rettuli, relatum

to bear back, bring back, drive back, carry back; reply

scio, -ire, -ivi, -itum

to know, understand, perceive, have knowledge of, be skilled in

reddo, -ere, -didi, -ditum

to give back, return, restore; give up, hand over, deliver

licet, -ere, licuit and licitum est

it is lawful, is allowed, is permitted; even if, although, notwithstanding

fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitum

to flee, fly, take flight, run away, make off

patior, -i, passus sum

to bear, support, undergo, suffer, endure, allow

moveo, -ere, movi, motum

to move, stir, set in motion, shake, disturb, remove

cado, -ere, cecidi, casum

to fall, fall down, descend, die

traho, -ere, traxi, tractum

to draw, drag, haul, draw off, pull forth, drag away

amo, -are, -avi, -atum

to love

iaceo, -ere, -cui, -citum

to lie down, be prostrate, lie at rest

gero, -ere, gessi, gestum

to bear about, bear, carry, wear, have, hold, sustain

premo, -ere, -essi, -essum

to press, repress, oppress, restrain

soleo, -ere, -ui, -itum

to be used, be wont, be accustomed

cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum

to drive together, bring together, convene, compel, force

morior, -iri, mortuus sum

to die, expire

nascor, -i, natus sum

to be born, begin life, be produced, proceed, be begotten

pereo, -ire, -ii (or -ivi), -itum

to pass away, come to nothing, vanish, disappear, perish, die

audeo, -ere, ausus sum

to venture, dare, be bold, dare to do, risk

rapio, -ere, -pui, -ptum

to seize and carry off, snatch, tear, drag, hurry away

adsum (assum), adesse, adfuit

to be at, be present, be at hand

placeo, -ere, -cui, placitus sum (or placitum)

(with dat.) to please, be pleasing, be agreeable, be acceptable, suit, satisfy

verto (vorto), -ere, -i, versum

to turn, turn up, turn back, direct

servo, -are, -avi, -atum

to make safe, save, preserve, guard, keep, protect, rescue

tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum

to lift, take up, raise, elevate, exalt

nego, -are, -avi, -atum

to say no, deny, refuse

trado, -ere, -didi, -ditum

to give up, hand over, deliver, surrender

redeo, -ire, -ii, -itum

to go back, turn back, return, turn around

sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum

to discern by sense, feel, hear, see, perceive, be sensible of

cedo, -ere, cessi, cessum

to go from, give place, withdraw, go away, depart, yield, move

loquor, -i, locutus sum

to speak, talk, say, tell, mention, utter

coepio, -ere, coepi, coeptum

to begin, commence

muto, -are, -avi, -atum

to move, move away, remove, change

invenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum

to come upon, find, meet with, light upon

recipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum

to take back, bring back, regain, recover; receive, accept

solvo, -ere, solvi, solutum

to loosen, unbind, unfasten, untie, release

utor, uti, usus sum

(with abl.) to use, make use of, employ, profit by, take advantage of, enjoy, serve oneself with

colo, -ere, colui, cultum

to till, tend, care for, cultivate

proficiscor, -i, -fectus sum

to set out, start, go, march, depart

cognosco, -ere, cognovi, cognitum

to become acquainted with, acquire knowledge of, learn, understand, recognize

frango, -ere, fregi, fractum

to break (in pieces), dash to pieces, shiver, shatter, fracture

nosco, -ere, novi, notum

to get knowledge of, become acquainted with, come to know, learn, discern

eripio, -ere, -ipui, -eptum

to tear out, snatch away, pluck, tear, take away

maneo, -ere, -nsi, -nsum

to stay, remain, abide, wait for, expect

taceo, -ere, -cui, -citum

to be silent, not speak, say nothing

ostendo, -ere, -di, ostentum

to stretch out, spread before, show, point out, exhibit, display

prosum, prodesse, profui

(with dat.) to be useful, be of use, do good, benefit, profit, serve

tego, -ere, texi, tectum

to cover, cover over

cano, -ere, cecini, cantum

to make music; sing (of), sound; prophesize

iuvo, -are, iuvi, iutum

to help, aid, assist, further, serve, support, benefit, delight, please

claudo, -ere, -si, -sum

to shut, close, shut up

doceo, -ere, -ui, -ctum

to teach, instruct, inform, show, prove, convince, tell

excipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum

to take out, withdraw; except, make an exception, stipulate, reserve

erro, -are, -avi, -atum

to wander, stray, roam; be in error, err, mistake, go wrong, go astray

aio (defective verb, ais, ait, aiunt)

to assert, affirm, say, tell, relate

gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum

to rejoice, be glad, be joyful, take pleasure, be pleased, delight

pervenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum

to come up, arrive, reach

incipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum

to take hold, take in hand, begin

parco, -ere, peperci, parsum

(with dat.) to act sparingly, be sparing, spare, refrain from, use moderately

opto, -are, -avi, -atum

to choose, select, prefer, wish, wish for, desire

lego, -ere, legi, lectum

to bring together, gather, choose; to read

praesto, -are, -iti, -atum (or -itum)

to stand out, be superior, be better; exhibit, fulfill

misceo, -ere, miscui, mixtum

to mix, mingle, intermingle, blend

metuo, -ere, -uito

to fear, be afraid, stand in fear, be apprehensive

tempto, -are, -avi, -atum

to handle, touch, feel; try, prove, test, attempt