Lower Limbs

What bones make up the pelvic girdle?

The left and right coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx.

What are the three regions of the coxal bones?

Ilium (superior), pubis (anterior), and ischium (posterior).

What joint is formed by the articulation of the coccyx and sacrum?

The sacroiliac joint.

What is the acetabulum?

A large indentation on the coxae that accommodates the head of the femur.

Why is the femur significant in the lower limbs?

It is the largest bone and crucial for transmitting upper body weight to the feet.

How does the female pelvis differ from the male pelvis?

The female pelvis is wider, with a broader pubic arch angle and a sacrum and coccyx that point downward and outward.

What is the pelvic inlet?

The brim that differentiates the abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity.

What is the pelvic outlet?

The narrowest part of the pelvis involved in childbirth.

What bone connects distally with the patella?

The femur.

What role does the patella play in the body?

It is a sesamoid bone that aids in force transmission across the knee.

What is unique about the tibia?

It is larger and bears weight on the medial side.

What does the fibula do?

It articulates with the tibia and talus but not directly with the femur.

Which bone forms part of the ankle joint?

The talus.

What is the calcaneus?

The heel bone that bears significant body weight.

How do the digits of the foot compare to the hand?

The digit structure of the foot mirrors that of the hand but is reversed in arrangement.

What are metatarsals?

The bones located in the midfoot.

What is the function of the foot's longitudinal and lateral arches?

To distribute the upper body's weight and aid locomotion.

What is the significance of the proximal femur?

It is a common site for hip fractures.

What makes the hip joint unique compared to the shoulder joint?

The hip joint is strong but less mobile, reducing dislocation risks.

What are the three primary functions of the pelvic girdle?

To connect lower limbs to the axial skeleton, support weight, and protect pelvic organs.

Where is the patellar groove located?

At the distal end of the femur.

What is the role of the tarsal bones?

To form the ankle and help with weight-bearing.

How does the foot's architecture prevent compression of nerves?

Arches distribute weight and prevent compression in soft tissue.

What is the range of motion of the hip joint?

More limited compared to the shoulder joint.

What structures are bounded by the pelvic outlet?

Ischial tuberosities, pubic symphysis, and distal coccyx.

In relation to the pelvic cavity, where is the abdominal cavity?

Superior to the pelvic cavity.

What is the function of the ischial tuberosities?

They provide attachment points for muscles and ligaments in the pelvis.

What role does the sacrum play in the pelvic girdle?

It is part of the axial skeleton that connects to the coxal bones.

What type of joint is the hip joint classified as?

A ball-and-socket joint.

What is the purpose of the arches in the foot?

To support body weight and facilitate locomotion.

What is digit number one referred to in the foot?

The big toe.

How does the arrangement of the foot's digits differ from the hand's?

Digit number one is medial, while digit number five is lateral.

What type of bone is the patella classified as?

A sesamoid bone.

How does the anatomy of the pelvis relate to childbirth?

The pelvic outlet's structure accommodates the passage of a baby during birth.

What is the significance of the sacral promontory?

It marks the boundary between the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

What is the main weight-bearing bone in the lower leg?

The tibia.