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Blood
A tissue consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Platelets
Small cell fragments involved in blood clotting, lacking a nucleus.
Red Blood Cells
Cells containing haemoglobin that transport oxygen; have a lifespan of about 120 days.
Haemoglobin
A blood pigment with a high affinity for oxygen, facilitating oxygen transport.
Biconcave Disc Shape
The shape of red blood cells that increases surface area and shortens diffusion pathways.
Oxygen Loading
The process of haemoglobin binding to oxygen in the lungs.
Oxygen Dissociation Curve
A graph showing the relationship between oxygen saturation and partial pressure of oxygen.
Bohr Effect
The phenomenon where increased carbon dioxide levels reduce haemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.
Double Circulatory System
A system where blood passes through the heart twice, typical in mammals.
Atria
The upper chambers of the heart that collect blood and have thin, elastic walls.
Ventricles
The lower chambers of the heart with thicker muscular walls that pump blood.
Cardiac Cycle
The complete sequence of contraction and relaxation of the heart.
Stroke Volume
The volume of blood pumped from one ventricle during each contraction.
Cardiac Output
The total volume of blood pumped from one ventricle per minute; calculated as Stroke Volume x Heart Rate.
Coronary Arteries
Blood vessels that supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients.
Heart Disease
A condition that leads to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, often due to coronary heart disease (CHD).
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart at high pressure.
Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels that facilitate the exchange of metabolic materials between blood and tissues.
Tissue Fluid
Fluid that surrounds cells, containing oxygen, glucose, and ions, facilitating nutrient exchange.
Lymphatic Vessels
Vessels that drain excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream.
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