APUSH: Chapter 3 - Key Terms

Aaron Burr

served as the 3rd Vice President of the United States. Member of the Republicans and President of the Senate during his Vice Presidency. He was defamed by the press, often by writings of Hamilton. Challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804 and killed him.

Adams-Onis Treaty

(1819) Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory

American Shipping

Beginning in 1789, it was an idea where two tariff bills gave preference to American ships in the American ports to help stimulate the growth and expansion of domestic shipping. Because of this, it allowed Yankee merchant vessels to carry trade between Europe and Western Hemisphere.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Anti-Masonry

Emerged in the 1820s, it was a movement by the Whigs, and it formed in response to widespread resentment against the secret and exclusive, supposedly undemocratic, Society of Freemasons; in this movement the Whigs launched spirited attacks on Jackson and Van Buren, both Freemasons, implying that the democratics were connected with the antidemocratic conspiracy.

Aroostook War

Series of clashes between American and Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory of northern Maine, resolved when a permanent boundary was agreed upon in 1842.

Bank War

Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Vetoed the 2nd Bank charter and withdrew gov't money from the US Banks and put it into "pet banks"

Camp meetings

a tool of the Second Great Awakening where people would gather to hear hellfire speeches

Cane Ridge

The location of large groups during the Second great Awakening. A group of Evangelical ministers presided over the nations first "camp meeting". An extraordinary revival that lasted several days and impressed everyone involved. It was the beginning of the church trying to "harvest" new members.

Caroline Affair

Residents of eastern Canada launched a rebellion against British, seized an American steamship, the Caroline, to ship supplies across the Niagara River to them from New York. British authorities in Canada seized the Caroline and burned it, killing an American. The British refused to disavow the attack or provide compensation for it. Authorities in New York arrested a Canadian and charged him with the murder of the American.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Marshall ruled that the Cherokee had "an unquestionable right" to their lands, but they were "not a foreign state, in the sense of the Constitution" but rather a "domestic, dependent nation" and so could not sue in a United States court over Georgia's voiding their right to self-rule. Was a blow to the Cherokee case, it cast doubt on the constitutionality of Indian Removal Act.

Daniel Webster

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Democrats

Party led by Jackson - "Common Man"; pro states' rights; against the BUS

Dorr Rebellion

Short-lived armed insurrection in the U.S. state of Rhode Island; Agitation for changes to the state's electoral system

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

Francis Cabot Lowell

American industrialist who developed the Lowell system, a mill system that included looms that could both weave thread and spin cloth. He hired young women to live and work in his mill

Francis Scott Key

wrote the Star Spangled Banner

Gibbons v. Ogden

Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government

Handsome Lake

A Seneca Iroquois prophet. Preached against alcoholism by appealing to religious traditions. Had Quaker missionaries teach agricultural methods to the Iroquois men.

Hartford Convention

Meeting by Federalists dissatisfied with the war to draft a new Constitution; resulted in seemingly traitorous Federalist party's collapse

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises ex) Missouri compromise

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Indian Territory

An area to which Native Americans were moved covering what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska

Industrialism

an economic system built on large industries rather than on agriculture or craftsmanship

James Monroe

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

John C. Calhoun

In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis.

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis and the monroe doctrine

John Tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

Judith Sargent Murrary

A writer and early feminist thinker prominent in the years following the American Revolution.

Loose vs Strict construction

someone who believes the constitution should be interpreted (ex. Hamilton) (what we do today) vs someone who believes that if something isnt spelled out in the constitution, you CANNOT do it (ex. Jefferson and Madison)

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government

Mercy Otis Warren

A 19th century American historian who wrote a 3-volume history of the American Revolution.

Meriwether Lewis

Army captain appointed by President Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory and lands west to the Pacific Ocean

Missouri Compromise

an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Neolin

A Delaware religious prophet whose teachings contributed to Pontiac's Rebellion.

New Light Dissenters

People who had altered their religious views to make them more compatible with the world of scientific rationalism

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.

Noah Webster

American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language.

Non-Intercourse Act

it allowed Americans to carry or trade with all nations except for Britian and France

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

Panic of 1837

A financial crisis in the United States that led to an economic depression

Removal Act

1830 government trying to get Indians to move to the west in order to give America more land

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

Roger B. Taney

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Dred Scott decision was made

Samuel Chase

supreme court justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate.

Samuel Slater

"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

Seminole War

conflict that began in florida in 1817 between the seminole indians and the us army when the seminoles resisted removal

Sequoyah

Cherokee who created a notation for writing the Cherokee language (1770-1843)

Specie Circular

U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with "hard," or metallic, currency. Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West.

Spoils System

the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters.

Stephen H. Long

First to publish a U.S. Atlas with State and Territory maps. Called Kansas the "Great Desert"

Tallmadge Amendment

Sought to forbid the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and mandated that all children of slave parents born in the state after its admission should be free at the age of 25; failed to pass the Senate.

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

Tecumseh

a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813)

Tenskwatawa

"The Prophet" He inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes and united them; killed by Harrison at battle of Tippecanoe

The Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson in exchange for the position of secretary of state

The Embargo of 1807

Declaration by President Thomas Jefferson that banned all American trade with Europe. As a result of the war between England and Napoleon's France, America's sea rights as a neutral power were threatened; Jefferson hoped the embargo would force England and France to respect American neutrality.

The Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

The Market Revolution

the major change in the US economy produced by people's beginning to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves

Toussaint L'ouverture

leader of the haitian revoluation

Trail of Tears

the forced removal of Cherokees and their transportation to Oklahoma

Transportation improvements

when Robert Fulton invented the steamboat. created an infrastructure of roads, canals, early. Farmers in the South and the West could get their goods to market

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Washington Irving

American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition

Webster-Hayne Debate

Hayne first responded to Daniel Webster's argument of states' rights versus national power, with the idea of nullification. Webster then spent 2 full afternoons delivering his response which he concluded by saying that "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable"

Whigs

conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

William Henry Harrison

(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Worcester v. Georgia

Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty, ignored by president Jackson