Biomolecules

Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are a group of biomolecules

  • This group ranges from simple sugars to large polysaccharides
  • Polysaccharides are polymers
  • Linked sugars together to make the polysaccharides

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• Divide carbohydrates into monosaccharides which are the simple sugars

• Disaccharides - Two simple sugars linked together

  • Can also be known as double sugars

• Polysaccharides - Many monosaccharides

• There is a group that does not have enough to be many.

  • Usually 3-20 sugars

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• Monosaccharides

  • Serve as monomers for polysaccharides
  • Provide the carbons for all other biomolecules
  • Glucose is a monosaccharide
  • Photosynthesis - Carbon dioxide + water
  • Matter gets recycled
  • Provides an immediate source of energy via cell respiration
  • Not the best source of energy. Use up all of your sugar right away when you get a sugar high

• Atoms involved in carbohydrates are Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

  • Monosaccharides range from 3-7 carbons.
  • Ratio is 1:2:1
  • If it is a 5 carbon monosaccharide it would be C5H10O5
  • CH2O

• Pentose - The five carbon sugars

  • RNA and DNA contain pentose sugars
  • Ribose sugar in RNA
  • Deoxyribose sugar in DNA

• Hexose - six carbon sugars

  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galaxose
  • These 3 hexose are isomers

• Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose all have the molecular formula C6H1206

  • Isomers
  • Molecules with same chemical formula but different structural formula-differ in their arrangement of atoms

• Disaccharides - Double sugars

  • Made by linking two monosaccharides together by dehydration synthesis
  • C6H12O6
  • C12H22O11
  • 1:2:1 Ratio

• Lactose - Sugar found in milk

  • Made by linking glucose + galactose

• Maltose

  • Sugar in malt
  • Glucose + Glucose

• Sucrose

  • Made in table sugar
  • Glucose and fructose

• After photosynthesis, glucose attracts to fructose which makes sucrose

  • Dissolved in plant sap and is transported to the rest of the plant

• Polysaccharides

  • Many simple sugars or monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis
  • Polymers
  • Simple sugars are the monomers
  • Can be divided into two categories
  • Energy storage polysaccharides and structural polysaccharides
  • Energy storage - intermediate - Not long term storage
  • Long term - fat
  • Animals
  • Uses the polysaccharide glycogen (branch chain)
  • Found mostly in your liver and muscle cells
  • Hundreds of glucose molecules linked together (Hydration synthesis
  • Plants
  • Uses starch
  • Hundreds of glucose molecules together
  • Uses a stair chain of glucose

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• Structural Polysaccharides

  • Cellulose
  • Cell walls of plants
  • Most abundant organic molecules
  • We do not have any enzymes that break down cellulose
  • It just passes through our digestive system. We call it fiber
  • Chilitin
  • Exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans
  • Cell wall of fungus
  • Makes food crunchy

• Carbohydrates can combine with proteins called glycoproteins

  • Serve as name identification
  • How we identify viruses
  • Identify red blood cells

Lipids

• Not true polymers

  • Not made by linking similar molecules together
  • Very diverse
  • All nonpolar, therefor hydrophobic
  • Bonds between atoms are nonpolar, covalent bonds

• Four categories of lipids

  • Fats (triglycerides)
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
  • Waxes

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• Like carbohydrates, consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

  • Have way more hydrogens than oxygen atoms

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• Fats (Triglycerides)

  • Functions
  • Long term energy storage (One gram of fat has twice as much energy as one gram of carbs)
  • Insulation
  • Cushioning
  • Structure of fat
  • Consist of two molecules:
  • Glycerol molecule
  • Fatty acid molecule
  • Glycerol
  • Contains 3C, 3 Hydroxyl groups, and multiple hydrogens
  • Fatty Acid 
  • Consists of a HydroCarbon chain attached to a Carboxyl group
  • To make fat, you need to attach three fatty acids to glycerol

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• Types of fatty acids:

  •  What determines a fatty acid?
  • Number of carbons/HydroCarbon chain
  • One or more double bonds between carbons 

• Saturated fatty acids

  • All single bonds between carbon, maximum number of hydrogens possible
  • Solid at room temperature
  • Come from animals
  • Unhealthy
  • Single bonds between carbons
  • Maximum number of hydrogen atoms

• Unsaturated fatty acids

  • Have less than maximum number of hydrogens
  • Liquid at room temperature
  • Comes from plants
  • Healthy
  • One or more bonds double bonds between carbon  
  • Less than maximum number of hydrogen atoms
  • Put kinks in the fatty acid (bends)
  • Have to spread out more
  • Double bonds cause the kinks

• Mono unsaturated

  • One double bond

• Poly Unsaturated

  • More than one double bond

• Phospholipids

  • Structure:
  • Glycerol molecule
  • Glycerol consists of 3 Carbon backbone with 3 Hydroxyl and H filling out the rest
  • Phosphate
  • Phosphate head is hydrophilic
  • Phosphate tail is hydrophilic
  • Glycerol in the middle
  • Skitzophrenic
  • The function of the phosphate is the major component of all cell membranes
  • All living things have all internal structures with membranes

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• Structure of membranes:

  • Layer of phospholipids

• Steroids

  • Structure
  • Four ring structure
  • Three six sided rings
  • One five sided ring
  • Cholesterol
  • Considered a steroid because it has this shape
  • Acts as a precursor for all other steroids (Template)
  • Types of steroids
  • Sex hormones
  • Testosterone
  • Progesterone

• Waxes

  • Most hydrophilic group
  • Coats certain fruits and insects
  • One glycerol attached to one fatty acid

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