Biomolecules

Carbohydrates are a group of biomolecules * This group ranges from simple sugars to large polysaccharides * Polysaccharides are polymers * Linked sugars together to make the polysaccharides

Divide carbohydrates into __mono__saccharides which are the simple sugars
__Di__saccharides - Two simple sugars linked together * Can also be known as double sugars
__Poly__saccharides - Many monosaccharides
There is a group that does not have enough to be many. * Usually 3-20 sugars

Monosaccharides * Serve as monomers for polysaccharides * Provide the carbons for all other biomolecules * Glucose is a monosaccharide * Photosynthesis - Carbon dioxide + water * Matter gets recycled * Provides an immediate source of energy via cell respiration * Not the best source of energy. Use up all of your sugar right away when you get a sugar high
Atoms involved in carbohydrates are Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen * Monosaccharides range from 3-7 carbons. * Ratio is 1:2:1 * If it is a 5 carbon monosaccharide it would be C5H10O5 * CH2O
Pentose - The five carbon sugars * RNA and DNA contain pentose sugars * Ribose sugar in RNA * Deoxyribose sugar in DNA
Hexose - six carbon sugars * Glucose * Fructose * Galaxose * These 3 hexose are isomers
Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose all have the molecular formula C6H1206 * Isomers * Molecules with same chemical formula but different structural formula-differ in their arrangement of atoms

Disaccharides - Double sugars * Made by linking two monosaccharides together by dehydration synthesis * C6H12O6 * C12H22O11 * 1:2:1 Ratio
Lactose - Sugar found in milk * Made by linking glucose + galactose
Maltose * Sugar in malt * Glucose + Glucose
Sucrose * Made in table sugar * Glucose and fructose
After photosynthesis, glucose attracts to fructose which makes sucrose * Dissolved in plant sap and is transported to the rest of the plant
Polysaccharides * Many simple sugars or monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis * Polymers * Simple sugars are the monomers * Can be divided into two categories * Energy storage polysaccharides and structural polysaccharides * Energy storage - intermediate - Not long term storage * Long term - fat * Animals * Uses the polysaccharide glycogen (branch chain) * Found mostly in your liver and muscle cells * Hundreds of glucose molecules linked together (Hydration synthesis * Plants * Uses starch * Hundreds of glucose molecules together * Uses a stair chain of glucose

Structural Polysaccharides * Cellulose * Cell walls of plants * Most abundant organic molecules * We do not have any enzymes that break down cellulose * It just passes through our digestive system. We call it fiber * Chilitin * Exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans * Cell wall of fungus * Makes food crunchy
Carbohydrates can combine with proteins called glycoproteins * Serve as name identification * How we identify viruses * Identify red blood cells

Not true polymers * Not made by linking similar molecules together * Very diverse * All nonpolar, therefor hydrophobic * Bonds between atoms are nonpolar, covalent bonds
Four categories of lipids * Fats (triglycerides) * Phospholipids * Steroids * Waxes

Like carbohydrates, consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen * Have way more hydrogens than oxygen atoms

Fats (Triglycerides) * Functions * Long term energy storage (One gram of fat has twice as much energy as one gram of carbs) * Insulation * Cushioning * Structure of fat * Consist of two molecules: * Glycerol molecule * Fatty acid molecule * Glycerol * Contains 3C, 3 Hydroxyl groups, and multiple hydrogens * Fatty Acid * Consists of a HydroCarbon chain attached to a Carboxyl group * To make fat, you need to attach three fatty acids to glycerol

Types of fatty acids: * What determines a fatty acid? * Number of carbons/HydroCarbon chain * One or more double bonds between carbons
Saturated fatty acids * All single bonds between carbon, maximum number of hydrogens possible * Solid at room temperature * Come from animals * Unhealthy * Single bonds between carbons * Maximum number of hydrogen atoms
Unsaturated fatty acids * Have less than maximum number of hydrogens * Liquid at room temperature * Comes from plants * Healthy * One or more bonds double bonds between carbon * Less than maximum number of hydrogen atoms * Put kinks in the fatty acid (bends) * Have to spread out more * Double bonds cause the kinks
Mono unsaturated * One double bond
Poly Unsaturated * More than one double bond
Phospholipids * Structure: * Glycerol molecule * Glycerol consists of 3 Carbon backbone with 3 Hydroxyl and H filling out the rest * Phosphate * Phosphate head is hydrophilic * Phosphate tail is hydrophilic * Glycerol in the middle * Skitzophrenic * The function of the phosphate is the major component of all cell membranes * All living things have all internal structures with membranes

Structure of membranes: * Layer of phospholipids
Steroids * Structure * Four ring structure * Three six sided rings * One five sided ring * Cholesterol * Considered a steroid because it has this shape * Acts as a precursor for all other steroids (Template) * Types of steroids * Sex hormones * Testosterone * Progesterone
Waxes * Most hydrophilic group * Coats certain fruits and insects * One glycerol attached to one fatty acid