Clinical Health
deals with personal healthcare issues (at the individual level)
focuses on treatment
Public health
the practice of protecting and improving the health of a population
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Clinical Health
deals with personal healthcare issues (at the individual level)
focuses on treatment
Public health
the practice of protecting and improving the health of a population
Outbreak
A sudden rise in the incidence of a disease
Epidemic
A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease.
Pandemic
A global outbreak of disease
Surveillance (of disease)
The systematic, ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data.
Risk
likelihood of being affected by a disease
vector
a living organism that transmits disease from an infected animal to a human or another animal
5-step process for surveillance
data collection
data analysis
data interpretation
link to action
Evaluation
Active vs passive surveilance
Activity collect data vs hospitals share cases into databases
Case-control study
A type of epidemiologic study where a group of individuals with the diseases, referred to as cases, are compared to individuals without the disease, referred to as controls
cohort study
A type of epidemiologic study where a group of exposed individuals (individuals who have been exposed to the potential risk factor) and a group of non-exposed individuals are followed over time to determine the incidence of disease
ecological study
a study in which the units of analysis are populations or groups of people rather than individuals
cross-sectional studies
A type of research design that compares individuals of different ages to determine how they differ at one point in time
Steps of an Outbreak Investigation
1. Verify diagnosis
2. Define/ identify cases
3. Develop hypothesis
4. Evaluate hypothesis
5. Implement control measures
6. Share findings
Epi Curves
graph of disease over time
Line listings
a table for tracking cases by different variables
cluster maps
representation of disease by location
attack rate
percentage of people who become ill in population after exposure
number of new cases divided by total population at risk
relative risk
Comparison of risk between groups
odds ratio
Comparison of risk between two groups
Bradford Hill Criteria
Wether observed association between risk factor and disease is casual: Strength, consistency, specificity, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, experiment, and analogy
Incidence rate
prevalence rate
total number of cases divided by the population
mortality rate
number of deaths sue to a specific cause divided by total population.
strategies of disease control
containment(quarantine or isolation)
vaccination
Behavioral intervention(hygiene or campaigns)
levels of prevention
primary(prevent disease-vaccine), secondary(early detection-screening), tertiary(managing disease-treatment)
Herd immunity
The resistance of a group to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune
Confidence intervals
the range on either side of an estimate that is likely to contain the true value for the whole population
vaccine effectiveness
the rate of protection against a pathogen when a vaccine is administered to the general population
case control study
A type of epidemiologic study where a group of individuals with the diseases, referred to as cases, are compared to individuals without the disease, referred to as controls
cross-sectional study
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
herd immunity threshold
the density of resistant hosts in the population required to prevent an epidemic
Father of epidemiology
John snow