AP Biology-Cells

prokaryotic cells

cells that lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

prokaryotic cells are apart of these two kindgoms

bacteria and archabacteria

necleoid

region of the prokaryotic cell that contains the cell’s chromosomes

looped

the chromosome of a prokaryotic cell is in this structure

plasmids

the extra strong of DNA of a prokaryotic cell with very few genes (usually contains 1 gene)

cytoplasm

fluid filled region of the cell(both prokaryotic & eukaryotic)

sugars, salts, waste, and gases

these are located inside of the cytoplasm

cell membrane

cotrols what can go in and out of the cell

phospholipids

cell membrane is made up of this

cell wall

gives the cell structure, protection, and support

peptidoglycan

cell wall is made up of this

mixture of sugary proteins

poptidoglycan is made up of this

ribosomes

builds proteins in the cell

flegella

provided movement for a prokaryotic cell

fimbriae

attachment pili on a prokaryotic cell that helps attach to surfaces

sex pili

forms a mating bridge between bacteria to exchange plasmids

glycocalyx/capsule

sugary/polysaccharide coating around a prokaryotic cell

avoid detection from immune system and attachmnet to surfaces

glycocalyx/capsule helps a prokaryotic cell do this

eukaryotic cells

cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelle

nucleus

contains the chromosomes/DNA of the prokaryotic cell(tightly packed DNA around histox proteins)

production of proteins

job of the nucleus

the nuclear envelope

double phospholipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus which contains pores formed by proteins so nformation can come and go

nuclear lamina

supports inside of the nuclear envelope

nucleolus

dense region within the necleus where ribisomes are created

free ribosomes

ribosomes that are floating within the cytoplasm

bound ribosomes

ribosomes connected to the rough ER

endomembrane system

prokaryotic cells do NOT have this system

endoplamsic recticulum/ER

series of folded membrane inside the cell

rough ER

organelle covered with ribosomes that helps produce, fold, and transport proteins. The ribosomes make proteins (such as membrane proteins or those for export from the cell) and the organelle processes and modifies these proteins

covered in ribosomes

physical charcteristic of the rough ER

smooth ER

organelle that makes lipids, stores calcium ions, and detoxifies the cell; not covered in ribosomes

golgi apparatus

series of flattened membrane sacs the receives vessices from the ER and modifies the protein on its secondary,tertiary, and quandary structure

lysosomes

membrane sac the are released by the golgi that contain digestive enzymes

apoptosis

when the lysosome bursts and the digestive enzymes attack everything in the cell, also known as cell death

vacuoles

larger vessicle

central vacuole

holds water and stores sugar and waste, vacuole in a plant cell

contractile vacuole

vacuole for water regulation

mitochondrion

makes ATP and breaks down sugar

own DNA, double membrane, self replication, and fossil records

mitichondria used to be a free living eukaryote because of these properties of it

cristae

inner membrane of the mitochondrion

chloroplast

captures energy from sunlight and uses it to perform photosynthesis, also used to be a free living eukaryote

peroxisomes

organelle that break down chemicals by removing H’s and adding them to O’s to make H₂O₂

alcohol and fatty acids

peroxisomes can break down these two things

cytoskeleton

responsible for giving a cell shape, structure, and movement of and within the cell, made of three types of protein

microtubulers

made up of tubulin proteins the form spherical rods; thickest out of the proteins of the cytoskeleton

cilia

short, hair-like projections

flagella

long tail-like projection

dynein proteins

the cilia and flagella’s movement is caused by this protein

microfilaments

made of actin which in conjunction with myosin can cause movement, ameoba use this to move; the thinnest of the three proteins of the cytoskeleton

intermediate filaments

makes up supportive structures

cell wall