TCA 1 Reveiw (copy)

What were the main motivations for European exploration?

Finding new trade routes, gaining wealth and riches, and competition among European powers.

What trade system developed during European exploration

The Transatlantic Slave Trade.

What was traded among Native tribes before European contact?

Goods like maize (corn) were traded widely among tribes.

What is maize culture?

The spread and cultivation of corn that supported population growth and complex societies.

How did Native civilizations adapt to their environments?

They developed systems like the Incas’ irrigation canals.

What were long-term economic effects of European exploration?

Global trade networks, new labor systems, and economic shifts in Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The transfer of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the Old World and New World.

How did the Columbian Exchange affect Native populations?

Millions died from European diseases.

How did the Columbian Exchange impact Europe? 

New crops like corn and potatoes boosted population growth.

What was the encomienda system?

Spanish system using Native labor for farming and mining, later replaced by African slavery.

Define mercantilism.

An economic system where colonies supply raw materials and the mother country produces finished goods.

What were the Navigation Acts?

English laws controlling colonial trade to benefit England 

What was the result of the Pueblo Revolt?

Spain became more accommodating to Native cultures.

What Native group lived near Jamestown?

The Powhatan Confederacy.

What was Jamestown’s main goal?

Economic profit for the Virginia Company (joint-stock company).

What was the House of Burgesses?

The first representative government in the English colonies.

Who was John Smith?

A leader who described Jamestown’s hardships to gain royal support.

Who had the most economic opportunities in Jamestown?

White males.

What roles did women have in early colonies?

Family building and population growth.

How did enslaved women resist enslavement?

By maintaining culture, family ties, and resisting dehumanization.

What do the demographics of settlers tell us about colonies?

• Southern colonies: mostly young men → economic goals

• New England: families → religious goals

What caused King Philip’s (Metacom’s) War?

Native anger over land loss (dispossession).

What was Bacon’s Rebellion?

A revolt by frontier farmers (former indentured servants) against Virginia’s government over Native policies.

What was the impact of Bacon’s Rebellion?

Shift from indentured servitude to African slavery.

What was the Stono Rebellion?

A slave uprising in South Carolina that led to stricter slave laws.

The brutal ocean route transporting enslaved Africans to the Americas.

What percentage of enslaved Africans died on the Middle Passage?

About one-third.

How did enslaved Africans resist enslavement?

By preserving culture, building communities, and family life.

When was the U.S. slave trade banned?

1808.

What do runaway slave ads reveal?

Age and descriptions of runaways; aimed at literate white audiences; show resistance to enslavement.

What did New England and Virginia colonies have in common?

Both relied on trade with England and family labor on small farms.

What drove European exploration?

Wealth, trade, and rivalry between nations.

What were the long-term results of colonization?

Global trade networks, new labor systems, population shifts, and social hierarchies in colonies.