Macromolecules quiz review

What are the four kinds of macromolecules?

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic acids

What are carbohydrates composed of?

Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

What are some monosaccharides of carbohydrates?

Glucose fructose, and galactose

What are some disaccharides of carbohydrates

Maltose, sucrose, and lactose

What is a monosaccharide?

Single sugar

What is a disaccharide?

Double sugar or two sugars

A reaction that releases H2O and forms a bond

Dehydration synthesis

What is a polysaccharide?

Many sugars

What are some polysaccharides?

Cellulose, starch, glycogen, and chitin

Found in plants typically plant cell wall, and humans don’t digest

Cellulose

Found in plants, store their energy in seeds/roots

Starch

Animal storage typically stored in liver and muscles important for maintaining blood glucose level

Glycogen

Makes up exoskeleton of insects contains Nitrogen

Chitin

What are the functions of polysaccharides?

Important part of veggies, fruits, and grains, provides energy, building blocks fiber, blood glucose levels, and energy storage

Macromolecule made of long hydrogen chains

Lipid

What are the functions of lipids

Long-term energy storage, provide insulation, building blocks for larger molecules, and component of cellular membrane

What are the types of lipids?

Fats oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids

What are two triglycerides?

Fats and oils

What are the two components of fats and oils?

Glycerol and fatty acids

What does a triglyceride have?

Glycerol backbone, and three fatty acids

Maximum number of hydrogen bonded to carbon, Solid at room temperature, And considered unhealthy

Saturated fatty acid

Has double carbon bond Typically liquid at room temperature

Unsaturated fatty acid

Artificially hydrogenated,semi-solid at room temperature, increases bad cholesterol, and an increased risk of Arthrosclerosis

Trans fat

Implant oils and helps lower bad cholesterol

Cis fat

Found on bird feathers, plant leaf surfaces, and beeswax, prevents water attachment, and has esters of long chain alcohol to fatty acids

Waxes

Major component of cellular membranes

Phospholipids

What are the components of phospholipids?

A modified glycerol backbone and two fatty acids

What are the two fatty acids in phospholipids?

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

Fused ring structures, hydrophobic/insoluble to H2O, four linked carbon rings with tail, Stabilizes plasma membrane

Steroids

Where are steroids found?

In the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid bilayer

One of the most abundant and diverse organic molecules

Proteins

What are proteins functions?

Structural, regulatory, contractile, protective, transportation, storage, membrane component enzymes, and hormones

What is the monomer/building block of proteins?

Amino acid

Functional groups of proteins

Polar nonpolar, positively charged, negatively charged, nonpolar aromatic, acidic, and basic

How many common amino acids

20

How many essential amino acids are there meaning our bodies don’t synthesize them

Nine

Amino acid monomers are covalently bonded through dehydration synthesis

Peptide

A chain of amino acid connected by peptide bonds

Poly peptide

A polypeptide or multiple poly peptides, Created During translation, Their unique structures determine its unique function

Protein

What are the four parts of proteins shape?

1. Primary

2. Second

3. Tertiary

4. Quaternary

Unique sequence of amino acids in polypeptide

Primary

Localize folding

Secondary

What localized folding occurs in proteins

Alpha helix, or beta pleated

R group will cause extended chemical interactions, resulting in 3-D folding

Tertiary

Interactions between more than one tertiary Structures, example hemoglobin

quaternary

Changes in a protein shape that changes function/inactivates

Denaturation

Can denaturation be reversed?

Yes

Constitute the genetic material of living organisms

nucleic acids

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

RNA and DNA

what does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

What does RNA stand for?

Ribonucleic acid

What are the locations of DNA?

Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, and cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

What are the functions of DNA?

Codes, the genome of a cell and codes for thousands of genes

What is the function of RNA?

Primarily involved in protein synthesis

What are the three types of RNA?

Messenger RNA( mRNA), transfer RNA(tRNA), and ribosomal RNA(rRNA)

Transcribes code from DNA and is the intermediate between nucleus and cytoplasm

Messenger RNA

Is the bridge between nucleotides and amino acids and does translation which brings amino acids for protein synthesis

Transfer RNA

For subunits as platforms for protein synthesis

Ribosomal RNA

What is the monomer/building block of DNA and RNA?

Nucleotides

What do nucleotides consist of?

1. Nitrogen base

2. Pentose sugar

3. One or more phosphate group

What are the two types of nitrogen bases?

Pyridamines and purines

What are three pyridamines

Cytosine thymine and uracil

What are three purines

Adenine and guamine

What are the Pentose sugars?

Deoxyribose and ribose