CRJ quiz 6

criminal justice quiz 6 study guide

a 180-degree turn from

Social control theories are ______ social learning theories.

Identify the theory that attributes delinquency to an excess of definitions favorable to violations of the law over definitions unfavorable to violations of the law.

differential association theory

Consider the scenario in which an offender arrested for shoplifting states: “The store is owned by a huge company; they wouldn’t have even noticed this loss.” This is reflective of ______.

denial of injury

______ focus on how people interpret and define their social reality and the meaning they attach to it in the process of interacting with one another via language.

Symbolic interactionists

______ perspective argues that an individual’s propensity for crime is largely determined during childhood as a result of incompetent parenting and tends to persist thereafter.

Self-control theory

As it relates to social learning theory, ______ is defined as the balance of anticipated or actual rewards and punishments that follow or are consequences of behavior.

differential reinforcement

The loot from a robbery or status achieved by facing down rivals are examples of ______.

positive reinforcement

______ theoretical perspective shifts the focus from the actor (the criminal) to the reactor (i.e., the criminal justice system) in exploring the causes of crime.

Labeling theory

Identify which of the following is a valid critique of neutralization theory.

It says nothing about the origins of the antisocial behavior the actors seek to neutralize.

______ is considered the most popular and enduring control theory:

Social bonding theory

______ refers to is the emotional component of conformity.

Attachment

Gottfredson and Hirschi argue that most criminals ______.

lack patience, persistence, and diligence.

______ deviance is the initial nonconforming act that comes to the attention of the authorities.

Primary

One of the major criticisms of this theory is that it is a general theory meant to explain all crime.

self-control

Consider the following scenario: an offender arrested for assault says: “I had to do it, he was threatening my little sister, and I had to protect her!” This is an example of which technique of neutralization?

appeal to higher loyalties