APUSH ultimate review

Native American Societies

Complex and diverse civilizations before Europeans, farmers and hunter-gatherers

Central and South American natives

Aztecs, maize cultivation, Tenochtitlan

Southwest Natives

adobe huts, irrigation

Great Plains Natives

Arid land, nomads, teepees

Northeast Natives

permanent villages, united nations

Reasons for conquest

God, gold, and glory

Martin Luther

German Monk, starts protestant reformation and challenges Catholic Church

Christopher Columbus

Spanish explorer, ends up in the bahamas looking for trade route to Asia

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of plants, animals, and people between new world and old world

Exchange from new world to old world

Sugarcane, wheat, horses, disease

Exchange from old world to new world

Tobacco, corn, potatoes, turkey

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador, conquers Aztec empire

Francisco Pizarro

conquers Incan empire

Line of Demarcation

Pope gives Brazil to portugal and land west to Spain.

Encomienda

Spanish economy based on the enslavement of natives

Asiento system

Europeans partner with African groups to send slave labor to America

Spanish caste system

separated Spaniards, mixed race, natives, and africans under encomienda

Bartolome de las casas

Spanish priest who opposed treatment of natives

English in New world

bring families, seek religious freedom, violence with natives

France and New world

Quebec, peaceful trade with natives

Dutch and New world

Settle in New Amsterdam, west india company

Spanish and New World

exploit natives, spread christianity, look for gold

Jamestown

first permanent english settlement

Chesapeake Bay Colonies

Virginia and Maryland

Characteristics of chesapeake bay colonies

cash crops, chattel slavery, indentured servants

Bacon’s rebellion

first resistance to colonial authority in America

New England colonies

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut

Mayflower compact

first document to establish self-governance in new world

Massachusetts

Puritans, John Winthrop, “City on the hill”

Rhode Island and Connecticut

Puritans, self-governance

Middle Colonies

New york, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania

Middle colony characteristics

export economy, urban, tolerant Quakers, few slaves

Southern Atlantic colonies

Georgia, Carolinas,

Southern atlantic colonies characteristics

Plantations, millions of slaves

Age of Salutary Neglect

colonies are left alone and get used to self-governance

Transatlantic trade

triangular trade route between new world, europe, and Africa involving trade of slaves, goods, and crops

Middle passage

brutal transportation system of slaves into the new world

Mercantilism

belief in benefits of profitable trading

Navigation Acts

colonies restricted to trade only with England

Metacom’s war

conflict between english colonies and native tribes

chattel slavery

lifelong slavery based on ancestory

Stono rebellion

slaves revolt and kill 25 colonists

Pueblo revolt

uprising of enslaved natives against Spanish oppressors

Slave codes

slave owners permitted to kill, slaves cannot learn or raise money

Enlightenment

cultural movement based on rationalism and science that reshapes understanding of the world

John Locke

enlightenment leader, publishes ‘two treaties of government’ which influences colonial ideas

Great Awakening

Religious movement that leads to religious tolerance in the colonies, creates old lights and new lights

old lights

‘traditional’ churches

new lights

churches based on emotion

George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards

great awakening preachers of salvation and damnation

House of Burgesses

first representative assembly in America

distinct american culture develops in the colonies

distinct american culture develops in the colonies

Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson

rhode island, leaders of religious tolerance

William Penn

Quaker, establishes Pennsylvania colony with religious freedom

French and Indian War

French and Indians vs England and colonists over territory

Results of French and indian war

End of salutary neglect, taxes on colonies

Pontiac’s rebellion

Native rebellion over settlement, put down by England

Proclamation of 1763

colonists can’t move west past the appalachian mountains

No taxation without representation

colonists are taxed without a say in parliament, want treatment as citizens

Sugar act

taxed sugar and enforced navigation acts

quartering acts

colonists forced to house soilders

stamp act

revenue stamps on all printed paper

Stamp act congress

first gathering of elected officials from different colonies

Declaratory act

gives parliament right to tax and make laws in colonies

Townshend act

unwarranted search; taxes on tea, glass, and paper

Sons of liberty

terrorize British officials

Boston Massacre

British troops fire into a crowd

Committees of Correspondence

exchange information about British behavior

Boston tea party

patriot response to tea act, leads to intolerable acts

intolerable acts

take away Colonists’ rights as citizens

Thomas Paine’s ‘common sense’

argues for american independence

Ben Franklin

Patriot leader who influences resistence movements

Declaration of independence

declares independence from England, based on Locke and Paine

First continental congress

delegates from colonies discuss Intolerable acts

Second contienntial congress

declaration of causes to take up arms, Washington appointed General

Loyalists

colonists still loyal to the English crown

continental army

poorly trained farmers, allies with France

Treaty of Paris (1783)

ends war, England must give up all land west of colonies

Social change after revolution

Abolition of Aristocratic titles, separation of church and state, self-governance

Republican Motherhood

Women’s role to teach children republican values

Articles of Confederation

early constitution that created a weak central government

Shay’s rebellion

exposed the weakness of the articles of confederation

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

ban on slavery in northwest territory

Constitutional convention

ditches articles for constitution, establishes branches of government

Great Compromise

agrees on bicameral legislature, house and senate

three-fifths compromise

slaves are counted as 3/5 of a person

Federalists papers/ federalists

supported constitution and stronger government

Anti-federalists

opposed constitution, advocated bill of rights

Washington presidency

establishes cabinet and national bank, gives up power after 2 terms

Whiskey Rebellion

taxes lead to farmer revolt

John Adams policies

alien and sedition acts

Democratic-republican party

develops from anti-federalist

American identity after independence

freedom, entrepreneurs, differences in north and south, neutral in world affairs