Lecture exam #1 questions

Blood ground substance

plasma

Blood fibers

proteins

Blood cells

1. WBCs

2. RBCs

3. platelets

in a 3 yr old sheep most leukocyte production takes place in:

red bone marrow

from which of the following cells do all blood cells originate

pluripotential stem cell

rate of erythropoiesis is controlled by erythropoietin which is a/an:

hormone produced by the kidney

How many heme molecules are contained in one hemoglobin molecule

4

oxygen carried in hemoglobin molecule is bound to:

iron atom

normal ref range for hematocrit in an adult dog is 35-57%. Oliver has a hematocrit of 15%. He might be:

anemic

normal ref range for hematocrit in an adult dog is 35-57%. Riley has a hematocrit of 68%. She might be:

dehydrated

organ in animal’s body that’s primary site of extravascular hemolysis is:

spleen

process by which neutrophil is called to area of inflammation or infection by chemical mediators is:

chemotaxis

process by which neutrophil are more specifically bound to pathogen in body after being coated with antibodies is:

opsonization

which organ stores RBCs that can be released into circulation when animal needs it

spleen

why is feces brown?

• dead RBC is broken down into amino acids, iron, & heme

• heme broken down into unconjugated bilirubin

• Bilirubin attaches to albumin & is taken to liver​

• In the liver, heme undergoes "conjugation" & bound to glucuronic acid

• Conjugated bilirubin excreted into the intestines as bile pigment​

• In the intestines, bile pigment is converted to urobilinogen by bacteria​

• bacteria make byproduct stercobilin in feces and makes it brown

why is urine yellow?

• Some of the urobilinogen re-enters the cycle and is transported to the kidneys

• comes out in our urine, which makes our urine yellow

pre-hepatic hyperbilirubinemia

immue mediated hemolytic anemia

pre-renal azotemia

dehydration

hepatic hyperbilirubinemia

hepatic disease

renal azotemia

chronic kidney disease/failure

post-hepatic hyperbilirubinemia

gall bladder/bile obstruction

post-renal azotemia

lower urinary tract obstruction

Patient’s recent CBC: total WBC count of 15,500 and has this differential

mature neutrophils: 7,500 (norm: 4,000-7,000)

band neutrophils: 4,500 (norm: 100-500)

lymphocytes: 3,000 (norm: 2,000-4,000)

eosinophils: 500 (norm: 300-500)

Yesterday, patient had total WBC count of 8,000. You would classify as:

neutrophilia with regenerative left shift

population of neutrophils that lines blood vessels in spleen, lungs, and abdominal organs that can be recruited is:

marginal pool

specific gravity of urine sample reflects:

concentration

functional unit of kidney

nephron

BUN when analyzed represents breakdown product of:

amino acids

which assay is used to evaluate renal function in birds

uric acid

decreases in BUN could be due to:

overhydration & poor liver function

Creatinine in blood stream as analyzed comes from:

skeletal muscle metabolism

what percentage of nephron loss of function occured by time elevations in BUN and CREAT are seen on bloodwork

75%

loss of nephron function in renal disease results in which finding on urine:

USG of 1.008-1.012

what percentage of nephron function has been lost when animal has elevations in SDMA lvls

40%

SDMA stands for

symmetric dimethylarginine

which commonly used parameters is most affected by muscle mass

creatinine

water deprivation tests are used to diagnose:

diabetes inspidus

which assay is most affected by hemolysis

phosphorous

filtration of blood within kidney occurs at:

renal corpuscle

disease at level of glomerulus can result in loss of:

protein

Name a renal pathologic process and how it manages to cause damage/disease in kidneys

• Polycystic kidney disease

• develops fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys

• enlarges kidneys

• compresses nephrons

• decreases amount of healthy kidney tissue

• kidney cannot remove waste products from the bloodstream efficiently

potential clinical pathology diagnostics for renal pathologic process

• abdominal ultrasound

• blood serum chemistry (SDMA, BUN, & CREAT)

• Urinalysis (USG)

potential clinical pathology findings from renal pathologic process

• view cysts & enlarged kidney on abdominal ultrasound

• Elevated BUN, CREAT, and SDMA assays

• USG would be isosthenuric (1.008-1.012) cause of renal azotemia

treatment for renal pathologic process

• no specific cure or treatment

• monitoring & supportive care

• IV fluids

• dietary adjustments

• blood pressure medications (ACE inhibitors)

hormone responsible for regulating water retention in kidneys

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

most likely interpretation for dog presenting with:

USG of 1.018

mild proteinuria

SDMA lvls of 17 mcg/dL (ref. range: 0-14 mcg/dL)

early kidney dysfunction

which condition can cause falsely low creatinine levels in animal with kidney disease

cachexia (muscle wasting)

screening test used to assess for presence of significant proteinuria

urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPC)