PSY test 2

classical conditioning

  When a previously neutral stimulus causes a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus it is called __________________________

unconditioned stimulus

1.       Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n)

_______________________.

conditioned stimulus

Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n) ________________________.

operant conditioning

The learning of a voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences is called _______________________________

B.F. Skinner

Who Named Operant Conditioning?_____________________________

the white rat.

1.       In the “Little Albert” study, the conditioned stimulus was   _______________.

latent learning

1.       Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ___________________.

extinction

1.       The disappearance or weakening of a conditioned response following the removal of the unconditioned stimulus is called ________________________________

Thorndike's Law of Effect.

1.       When an action results in a pleasurable consequence, the probability of repeating that action increases. This illustrates: ______________________________________________

punishment.

1.       In operant conditioning, what has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response? ________________________________

negative reinforcement

1.       A headache goes away when you take aspirin, so you learn to take aspirin to remove the unpleasant stimulus. this is an example of  _____________________________

negative punishment

Taking away your child’s phone for several days because they are doing poorly in school is an example of ______________  _______________________

observational learning

Banduras Bobo Doll Experiment demonstrated ______________________________

encoding, storage, and retrieval.

1.       What are the three processes of memory? _________________________, _________________ and _______________________________

encoding, storage, and retrieval.

1.       What are the three stages of the information processing model? ___________________, _______________, and _______________________

computer

1.       The information processing model assumes that our memory works similarly to __________________________

iconic memory

1.        Visual Sensory Memory is also known as  _______________

echoic memory.

1.       Auditory Sensory Memory is also known as ________________________

short-term memory

1.       The memory system in which information is stored for around 30 seconds at a time while being used is called _________________

chunking

1.       When bits of information are combined into meaningful units, so that more information can be held in Short term memory it is called ______________________________

elaborative rehearsal

1.        Trying to store something in long term memory by making it meaningful to yourself, such as making up your own examples is called _____________________________

procedural memory

1.       Non-declarative long term memory is things people know how to do and is also often called ______________________________

semantic memory

1.       Type of declarative memory containing general knowledge, such as knowledge of language and information learned in formal education is called  ______________________________

recall

1.       A fill in the blank question on a test is an example of ______________________ (Type of retrieval)

recognition

1.       A multiple-choice question on a test is an example of ______________________ (Type of Retrieval)

flashbulb memory

1.       Type of Automatic Encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it is called _____________________________

serial position effect.

1.       Tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information is called ______________________________________.

7±2

Early studies of the capacity of short-term memory suggested that most people could remember approximately ______________ bits of information.

the memories of eyewitnesses can be easily influenced and distorted by misleading information

1.       Elizabeth Loftus’ 1975 study showed what?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

automatic processing.

1.       Tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little or no effortful encoding is called ______________________________________

hindsight bias.

1.       Tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event is called ________________________

Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve

1.       Distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually _________________________________________

encoding failure

1.       Not being able to remember something because we never processed it into memory in the first place is called ________________________

proactive interference

1.        Having trouble learning to drive on the other side of the Road in England after you had initially learned to drive in the US is an example of ____________________________________

hippocampus

1.       Formation of new long term Declarative memories happens in what part of the brain? _______________________

longitudinal study

1.       Research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time is called _________________________________

Doimant Gene

1.       The Gene that controls the expression of a trait is called the _________________________

vision

1.       Which is the least functional sense at birth? ____________________________

a. Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years)
b. Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years)
c. Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years)
d. Formal Operational Stage (12 years and up)

1.        What are Piagets’ Four Stages of Cognitive Development?

a.        

b.        

c.         

d.        

conservation

1.       The ability to understand that changing the way that something looks does not change its amount is called ________________________

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory.

1.       Which theory of cognitive development states that Children’s cognitive development occurs when someone helps them by asking leading question and providing examples of concepts?

temperament

1.       Behavioral and Emotional characteristics that are fairly well established at birth are called ______________

attachment.

1.       Bond that forms between infant and primary caregiver (in first 6 months) is called ______________________________________

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

1.        What theory of personality development states that at each of 8 stages of life an emotional crisis must be successfully met for normal development to occur? ___________________

Social Learning Theory

1.       Which theory of gender role development states that Children observe their parents behaving in certain ways and imitate that behavior? ___________________________________

25

Portions of the brain responsible for impulse control and decision making are not complete until around what age? _______________________________________

personal fable

1.       Adolescents believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm. This way of thinking is called ___________________________

a. Preconventional Level
b. Conventional Level
c. Postconventional Level

1.       Kohlberg’s levels of Morality are

a.        

b.         

c.        

Yes

1.       Can doing crossword puzzles help you maintain cognitive abilities and memory as you age? __________________________________

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

1.       The Five Stages of Death and Dying were proposed by ________________________________