Earth Science SOL review

To help practice for the SOL

Independent Variable

Is changed by the experimenter

Dependent Variable

Responds to the changes in the independent variable

The Meter

Used to measure length

Liter

Is the unit of volume

Solids

Are measured in cm3 : L x W x H = V

Volume

Is found by water displacement

Mass

Is a measure of the amount of matter in an object

Weight

Is a measure of the pull of the earth’s gravity on an object

Density

The measure of the amount of matter that occupies a particular space

Density Formula

Density = Mass / Volume

Specific Gravity

is the comparison of the density of a substance to the density of water

Latitude

lines who the distance in degrees North and South of the equator

Longitude

Lines show distance in degrees East and West of the prime meridian.

International Date Line

us 180 degrees longitude ( Halfway around the Earth from the prime meridian )

Geographic Maps

Show relief using contour lines. Relief is the highs and lows of the land

Elevation

Refers to the height above sea level of a certain place

Gentle Slopes

Are indicated by wide spaces between contour lines

Steep Slopes

Are indicated by contour lines that are very close to each other

All minerals are…

formed by natural processes

Minerals

formed out of molten earth material or magma

Hardness

Is a measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched

Mohs Hardness Scale

Lists hardness of ten minerals with 1 being the softest and 10 being the hardest

Luster

Describes how light is reflected from a mineral’s surface

Streak

Is the color of the mineral when it is broken up into powder

Cleavage and Fracture

Refer to the way a mineral breaks

Igneous Rock

Is molten material from a volcano (lava) or from deep inside the earth (magma) which cools and hardens

Extrusive Igneous

Rock (volcanic) is formed on Earth’s surface when molten rock flows out of the earth texture

Intrusive Igneous

Rock (plutonic) is formed in the earth when molten rock flows upward into the more solid part of the crust Rocks from this way have a coarse-grained texture

Clastic

Sedimentary rocks come from fragments of other rocks

Non-clastic organic

sedimentary rock comes from the remains of organisms

Light year measures

Distance

Surface waves

waves that travel on Earth’s surface