urban - london

Where is London located?

SE England, along the River Thames.

Why is London nationally important? (6 points)

• Very attractive for businesses - 85% of designers are based here.

• Generates 25% of all UK’s GDP.

• Opportunity for global trade.

• Young population (8.6 million), most between 25 and 34.

• 3.3m Londoners are minority ethnic, making it a very cultural city.

• Many cultural venues e.g. Royal Ballet.

What is a world city?

A city that’s a major centre for finance, trade, politics, and culture. Serves the world.

What are some employment opportunities in London? (3 points)

Canary Wharf:

• Home to 150 office blocks.

• Average salary in ‘22 was £37K.

• Home to young and skilled workforces.

What are some transport opportunities in London? (4 points)

Integrated Transport:

• Transport systems are well-connected.

• Fast, effective, and reliable.

• Environmentally friendly - promotes less cars on the road.

• Constantly being imporved.

What are some entertainment opportunities in London? (3 points)

• Wimbledon - 500K yearly visitors.

• West End - Sells millions of tickets a year.

• Cultural venues such as Royal Ballet or Winter Wonderland.

How is waste a major problem in London?

Most wast ends up in landfill, which contaminates the land and causes it to sink down. This land cannot be built on and eventually becomes a brownfield site.

How is air pollution a problem in London?

Lots of air pollution is caused by vehicles, factories, and heating systems. Exceeds EU limits early into January every year. Causes health issues with people with asthma.

What are some solutions to air pollution? (4 points)

• ULEZ Charge - £12.50 to go through ULEZ zones across the city. Promotes electric cars, which reduces emissions into the atmosphere.

• Urban Greening - Plants soak up certain particles in the air, e.g. carbon.

• Congestion Charge - £15 in high traffic areas, which promotes using public transport to get around.

• Integrated Transport - Increased quality of public transport, bike hiring, and bike super highways (12 being planned) reduce the number of vehicles on the roads and reduce emissions.

How much money is being invested in EV infrastructure?

£35 million.

Define regeneration.

The process of improving an area experiencing urban decline.

Case Study: Where can we see regeneration in the UK? (6 points)

Stratford, East London

• Many derelict sites, polluted rivers, and lack of housing.

• Olympics acted as a catalyst for regeneration.

• Many jobs were created and public transport became very connected.

• Many recreational sites.

• Businesses flourished - creating regular wages for local people.

• HOWEVER: Protests due to community disbandment, many shops were bought out, and high expenses to de-contaminate the land.

What is BedZed?

Located in SE London, provides eco-homes for 250 people. Uses local materials and consists of solar panels on roofs and south-facing windows.

Case Study: Where in the UK is managing traffic congestion?

Bristol, SW England

• Large demand for transport due to historical significance.

• Bristol Cycling Strategy ‘15 - Provided safe cycle routes on and off road, reducing stress on the congested roads.

• Park and Ride - 3 schemes across Bristol: less cars enter the city, reducing congestion.

In Bristol, // % of residents cycle monthly.

19

There are // km of cycle lanes across London.

390

Define urban sprawl, and state what was made to prevent this.

The unplanned expansion of cities into the countryside. The green-belt prevents this - keeping land open for recreation and forestry.

What is a brownfield site?

Previous industrial land that is now abandoned.

What is a greenfield site?

Nature sites outside London that cannot be built on, creating opportunity for leisure.

What is the rural-urban fringe?

A zone of transition between countryside and urban city.

What’s a commuter town?

A town outside the city, where the residents travel into the city to work, such as Sevenoaks.

What are the three sections of London’s population?

Young dependent, economically active, and elderly dependent.

Give an example of where population is rapidly increasing.

Tower Hamlet and Newham.

Define social deprivation.

The degree to which a person or community lack the necessities for a decent life.

Define deindustrialisation.

The loss/closure of industry within an area.

Define urban decline.

The deterioration of the inner city.

What does an isoline graph show?

Life expectancy across London boroughs.

Define inequalities.

Extreme differences between poverty wealth, influenced by factors such as service access and wellbeing.

In Kensington and Chelsea, // % of people earn over 60K a year.

26

What is incineration? Why is it bad?

The process of breaking down rubbish in large factories through burning, sometimes to create energy. Burning via fossil fuels releases CO2 into the air.

Why is there so much rubbish in London? (2 ideas)

Consumerism:

• As population increases, demand for products increases.

• People are earning high wages and can afford to buy more things for themselves/their family.

Packaging:

• Cardboard and plastics are not usually recycled by people.

• Plastic bags are usually un-recyclable in shops.

• Recycling process is often complicated for people - especially in flats.

What is sustainable urban living?

When there is minimal damage to the environment and a strong sense of community. Energy is efficient and resources are renewable.

Define urban change.

When an urban area changes due to deindustrialisation.