Types of Movement and Joint Anatomy in Human Physiology

Flexion

Decreasing the angle between two body parts.

Extension

Increasing the angle between two body parts.

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body.

Hyperextension

Extension beyond the normal range of motion.

Plantar flexion

Pointing the toes downward.

Dorsiflexion

Pointing the toes upward.

Rotation

Turning a body part around its own axis.

Circumduction

Circular movement of a body part.

Supination

Turning the palm upward.

Pronation

Turning the palm downward.

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward.

Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward.

Protraction

Moving a body part forward.

Retraction

Moving a body part backward.

Elevation

Raising a body part.

Depression

Lowering a body part.

Articulation

A joint site where 2 or more bones join together.

Synarthroses

Immovable joints.

Amphiarthroses

Slightly movable joints.

Diarthroses

Freely movable joints.

Syndesmoses

Fibrous joint.

Sutures

Joint held together with very stout fibers and bone colges, only in skull.

Gomphoses

'Peg in socket' fibrous joint. Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket.

Synchondroses

Bones united by hyaline cartilage.

Symphyses

Bones united by fibrocartilage.

Joint capsule

Sleeve-like extension of the periosteum of each of the bones at an articulation.

Synovial membrane

Connective tissue membrane lining spaces between bones, and joints that secretes synovial fluid.

Articular cartilage

Layer of hyaline cartilage covering the joint surfaces.

Joint cavity

Small space between articulating surfaces of the two bones of the joint.

Menisci

Articular cartilage disk.

Ligaments

Band of white fibrous tissue connecting bones to other bones.

Bursae

Small, cushion-like sacs found between moving body parts making movements easier.

Bursitis

Inflammation of a bursa.

Sprain

Injury to ligamentous joint structures.

Herniated disk

Condition of the vertebral disk when the annulus fibrosis becomes disrupted.

Gouty arthritis

A type of arthritis characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, redness, and tenderness in joints.

Arthritis

Inflammatory joint disease.

Uniaxial joints

Joints that allow movement in one plane.

Biaxial joints

Joints that allow movement in two planes.

Multiaxial joints

Joints that allow movement in or around all three planes.

Hinge joints

Joints that allow movement in one direction, like a door.

Pivot joints

Joints that allow rotation around a single axis.

Saddle joints

Joints that allow movement in two planes, resembling a saddle.

Condyloid joints

Joints that allow movement but no rotation.

Ball & Socket joints

Spheroid joints, such as shoulder or hip joint; most movable type of joint.

Gliding joints

Joints that allow sliding movements.

Rotator cuff

Muscular-tendinous cuff resulting from fusion of the tendons of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.

Housemaid's knee

Condition characterized by inflammation of the bursa in the knee.

Joint mice

Loose bodies in the joint.

ROM

Range of motion.