kin 270 exam 1

Anatomy is the study of

a. Structure

b. Function

c. Martians

a. Structure

The kidney belongs to which physiologic system?

a. The cardiovascular system

b. The lymphatic system

c. The urinary system

d. The integumentary system

e. The reproductive system

c. The urinary system

Which of the following physiologic systems separates a human's internal environment from the external environment?

a. The cardiovascular system

b. The lymphatic system

c. The urinary system

d. The integumentary system

e. The nervous system

d. The integumentary system

If the structure of the ureter is damaged, which process would be most disrupted?

a. Digestion

b. Transport of nutrients

c. Defense against external pathogens

d. Absorption of environmental gasses

e. Facilitated diffusion

c. Defense against external pathogens

The head is _____________ to the ribs

a. Proximal

b. Distal

c. Lateral

d. Medial

e. Superior

e. Superior

The thumb is __________ to the pinkie (choose the best term)

a. Proximal

b. Distal

c. Lateral

d. Medial

e. Superior

c. Lateral

In order to maintain homeostasis, humans must

a. Alter the composition of the internal environment to balance changes in the external environment

b. Expend energy

c. Achieve equilibrium

d. Both (a) and (b)

e. All of the above

b. Expend energy

Do humans maintain heart rate homeostasis?

a. Yes

b. No

no

what is maintained in homeostasis?

body temperature, plasma pH, and blood glucose levels

In the loop that maintains steady levels of oxygen in the body, the heart must be a(n)

a. Sensor

b. Control center

c. Effector

d. Signal between components

e. Variable that is held constant

c. Effector

If you were told the aliens from Pluto had to maintain steady levels of plutonium, which of the following MUST be true?

a. The aliens must have a plutonium sensor

b. There must have a control center that interprets changes in the plutonium sensor

c. There must be a method for raising or lowering plutonium

d. Both (a) and (b)

e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Is it possible to maintain plutonium levels if no molecule changes shape in the presence of plutonium?

a. Yes

b. No

If you need a solution to conduct electricity, which of the following molecules would you choose first?

a. A molecule with covalent bonds

b. A molecule with ionic bonds

b. A molecule with ionic bonds

In chemical reactions, which of the following subatomic particles are exchanged? (Remember, we're talking about the human body here.)

a. Protons

b. Neutrons

c. Electrons

c. Electrons

Some exergonic chemical reactions that proceed slowly in the outside world proceed quickly in the human body. This is because

a. Body temperature is higher than outside temperature.

b. Humans have enzymes that lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction.

c. Humans have enzymes that increase the amount of energy released by a chemical reaction.

d. All of the above

b. Humans have enzymes that lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction.

Endergonic chemical reactions occur in the body because

a. Enzymes catalyze the reaction.

b. Enzymes can capture energy stored in chemical bonds (like ATP).

c. Enzymes can change shape

d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Glucose crosses the cell membrane by simple diffusion.

a. True b. False

b. False

Propane is a small, hydrophobic molecule. Would propane cross a cell membrane by simple diffusion?

a. Yes

b. No

a. Yes

Potassium crossing a membrane through a potassium channel (down its electrochemical gradient) is an example of

a. Simple diffusion

b. Facilitated diffusion

c. Active transport (either primary or secondary)

b. Facilitated diffusion

If sodium moves against its electrochemical gradient, how does sodium cross the cell membrane? By

a. Simple diffusion

b. Facilitated diffusion

c. Active transport (either primary or secondary)

d. It depends on the context

c. Active transport (either primary or secondary)

Which of the following would be most likely to cross a cell membrane by simple diffusion?

a. A small carbohydrate

b. A large carbohydrate

c. A small protein

d. An ion

e. A small lipid

e. A small lipid

Many enzymes are proteins. Disruption of which protein structure would cause a change in function?

a. The primary structure of the protein

b. The secondary structure of the protein

c. The tertiary structure of the protein

d. The quaternary structure of the protein

e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Which of the following would you expect to be most quickly disrupted by a change in pH?

a. The primary structure of a protein

b. The secondary structure of a protein

b. The secondary structure of a protein

A buffered solution

a. Changes pH rapidly

b. Resists changes in pH

b. Resists changes in pH

The inside of a cell contains several buffers. These buffers help ensure that

a. pH inside the cell changes rapidly to balance pH changes outside the cell

b. pH inside the cell changes rapidly to help maintain the environment outside the cell

c. pH inside the cell remains at equilibrium with the pH outside the cell

d. pH inside the cell remains stable when extracellular pH changes

d. pH inside the cell remains stable when extracellular pH changes

The nucleus

a. Contains genetic material

b. Manufactures ATP

c. Synthesizes proteins

d. Processes and packages vesicles for secretion

e. Breaks down extracellular pathogens

a. Contains genetic material

A ribosome

a. Contains genetic material

b. Manufactures ATP

c. Synthesizes proteins

d. Processes and packages vesicles for secretion

e. Breaks down extracellular pathogens

c. Synthesizes proteins

A mitochondrion

a. Stores calcium

b. Manufactures ATP

c. Synthesizes proteins

d. Processes and packages vesicles for secretion

e. Breaks down extracellular pathogens

b. Manufactures ATP

A concentration gradient acting on sodium

a. Acts only on sodium

b. Acts on potassium, but to a lesser extent than sodium

c. Acts on potassium to a greater extent than sodium

d. Acts on potassium with the same amount of force as sodium

a. Acts only on sodium

A hydrostatic pressure gradient acting on a solution containing sodium and potassium

a. Acts only on sodium

b. Acts on potassium, but to a lesser extent than sodium

c. Acts on potassium to a greater extent than sodium

d. Acts on potassium with the same amount of force as sodium

d. Acts on potassium with the same amount of force as sodium

Imagine a solution containing only water, sodium, and potassium. If a voltage is applied to the solution, the electrical force acting on potassium would be

a. Equal to the electrical force acting on sodium

b. Greater than the electrical force acting on sodium

c. Less than the electrical force acting on sodium

a. Equal to the electrical force acting on sodium

Humans die if blood glucose levels change by even the slightest amount.

a. True

b. False

b. False

Humans die if they have no control over blood sugar for a long period of time.

a. True

b. False

a. True

. The feedback loop that controls blood sugar after a meal is a __________ feedback loop.

a. Positive

b. Negative

c. Neither positive nor negative

b. Negative

Humans have proteins that change shape in the presence of blood glucose.

a. True

b. False

The sensor in the feedback loop that maintains blood glucose after a meal is in

a. Skeletal muscle

b. Fat

c. The pancreas

d. The brain

e. Both (a) and (b)

c. The pancreas

The control center in the feedback loop that maintains blood glucose after a meal is in

a. Skeletal muscle

b. Fat

c. The pancreas

d. The brain

e. Both (a) and (b)

c. The pancreas

The effector in the feedback loop that maintains blood glucose after a meal is in

a. Skeletal muscle

b. Fat

c. The pancreas

d. The brain

e. Both (a) and (b)

e. Both (a) and (b)

Insulin receptors are glucose transporters

a. True

b. False

false: insulin receptors change shape and glucose transporters are out in the brain

In type 1 diabetes mellitus, which of the following are disrupted?

a. The sensor

b. The control center

c. The effector

d. Both (a) and (b)

e. All of the above

d. Both (a) and (b)

In type 2 diabetes mellitus, which of the following are disrupted?

a. The sensor

b. The control center

c. The effector

d. Both (a) and (b)

e. All of the above

c. The effector

When treating type 1 diabetes mellitus, our brains work as the

a. Sensor

b. Control center

c. Effector

d. Both (a) and (b)

e. All of the above

b control center

All feedback loops must be positive or negative.

a. True

b. False

true

A gene provides instructions for the

a. The primary structure of the protein

b. The secondary structure of the protein

c. The tertiary structure of the protein

d. The quaternary structure of the protein

a. primary structure of the protein

mRNA is synthesized in the

a. Ribosome

b. Nucleus

c. Mitochondrion

d. Secretory vesicle

e. Insulin receptor

b. Nucleus

Translation occurs where?

a. A ribosome

b. The nucleus

c. A mitochondrion

d. A secretory vesicle

e. Insulin receptor

a. A ribosome

Which of the following planes divides the body into superior and inferior sections?

a. A transverse plane

b. A mid‐sagittal plane

c. Any sagittal plane

d. A coronal (frontal) plane

a. A transverse plane

Which of the following planes divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

a. A transverse plane

b. A mid‐sagittal plane

c. Any sagittal plane

d. A coronal (frontal) plane

d. A coronal (frontal) plane

Which of the following is correct?

a. Protons: positive charge, Neutrons: negative charge, Electrons: no charge

b. Protons: negative charge, Neutrons: positive charge, Electrons: no charge

c. Protons: positive charge, Neutrons: no charge, Electrons: negative charge

c. Protons: positive charge, Neutrons: no charge, Electrons: negative charge

Which of the following is able to dissolve in water?

a. NaCl

b. Glucose

c. Lipids

d. A and B

d. A and B

T/F: water freely diffuses across a cell membrane

true

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a polar molecule?

a. Hydrophilic

b. Hydrophobic

c. Difference in charges

d. Dissolves in water

b. Hydrophobic

What happens in regards to chemical/potential energy when someone eats an energy bar before going for a hike?

the nutrients inside the bar get broken down and rearranged into molecules that muscle cells convert to kinetic energy

Which is not an example of an endergonic reaction?

a. dissolving salt in water

b. aerobic respiration

c. creating Na+/K+ gradients

d. Both a and b

b. aerobic respiration

Which can go diffuse freely through the lipid bilayer?

a. Na+

b. Testosterone

c. CO2

d. both b and c

d. both b and c

Which protein structure(s) would be affected if the pH is changed?

A. Primary

B. Secondary

C. Tertiary

D. Quaternary

secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

If the number of hydrogen ions is increased in a solution would it become more acidic or more basic?

acidic

Which is not a characteristic of a living thing?

A. Responds to stimuli

B. Converts energy

C. Ability to move

D. Reproduce

E. Grow and develop

C. Ability to move

Which molecules are still able to pass though the mitochondria inner membrane despite how tight it is?

What are the sensor, control center, and effector tissues of the negative feedback loop controlling blood glucose?

Sensor: pancreatic beta cells

Control center: pancreatic beta cells

Effector tissues: fat, skeletal muscle

Which component(s) is damaged during Type 1 diabetes?

sensor and control center

Which component(s) is damaged during Type 2 diabetes?

effector tissue

Explain the mechanism by which insulin allows glucose to enter the cell by facilitated diffusion.

If someone has Type 1 diabetes, they have to take their blood sugar levels via a glucometer and administer insulin when levels are too high. What is the new sensor and control center in this feedback loop?

sensor: glucometer

control center: brain

If a red blood cell is put in pure water, what will happen to the cell? Does the red blood cell or the water have a higher osmolarity?

anatomy

study of structure

physiology

study of function

relationship between structure and function

structure determines function, but function can modify structure

organizational range from smallest to largest

atom

organelle

cell

tissue

organ

organ system

organism

what is the smallest unit of living things?

cell

lateral

away from the midline of the body

medial

toward the midline

proximal

Closer to the point of attachment, close to the center of the body (torso)

distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk, far from the center of the body (torso)

superior

above

inferior

below

anterior

front of the body

posterior

back of body

transverse

runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

frontal (coronal)

lie vertically, divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

sagittal/midsagittal

divides the body into right and left parts

flexion

bending a joint

extension

Straightening of a joint

adduction

movement toward the midline

homeostasis

maintenance of a stable internal feedback, negative feedback loop

what are the components of a negative feedback loop

sensor: senses change ---> control center: compare and return to set point --> effector carry out change ---> stable environment

how are positive and negative feedback different

negative: returns body to set point

positive: takes body away from set point

the pink is ____ to the thumb

medial

nucleus

contains DNA

ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

smooth and rough ER

membranes sequester molecules from cytoplasm

golgi

processing of vesicles for exocytosis

Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

help with molecule destruction and detoxification

homeostasis is not _____

balance or equilibrium

equilibrium

outside is the same as inside

both hydrostatic and osmotic pressure is equal

positive feedback is often the ______ in a negative feedback loop

effector

Humans maintain homeostasis of which of the following parameters?

Blood pH

Heart rate

Blood glucose

Blood nitrogen (N2)

Blood oxygen levels

Blood sodium levels

Blood glucose

hydrophilic

likes water, polar molecules examples: ions (K+, Na+)

hydrophobic

water hating, non polar molecules examples: lipids (CO2, O2)

you spill greasy food on your shirt and get a stain. how would you remove the stain?

a. grease is hydrophilic, using a detergent will surround and remove the stain

b. grease is hydrophilic, you will only need water to remove the stain

c. grease is hydrophobic, you will only need water to remove the stain

d. grease is hydrophobic, using a detergent will surround and remove the stain

d. grease is hydrophobic, using a detergent will surround and remove the stain