APWH, Unit 1.2, Developments in Dar al-Islam

Explain how systems of belief and their practices affected society in the period from 1200 to 1450.

Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Africa and Asia.

Explain the causes and effects of the rise of Islamic states over time.

• As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic people. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity.

• Muslim rule continued to expand to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants, missionaries, and Sufis.

KNOW: Seljuk Empire, Mamluk Sultanate, Delhi sultanate

Explain the effects of intellectual innovation in Dar al-Islam.

Muslim states and empires encourage significant intellectual innovations and transfers.

• Innovations: Advances in mathematics (Nasir al-Din al-Tusi), Advances in literature (A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah), Advance in Medicine (Avicenna).

• Transfers: Preservation & Commentaries on Greek moral & Natural Philosophy, House of Wisdom in Abbasid Baghdad, Scholarly & Cultural transfers in Muslim & Christian Spain (Al-Andalus)

Define Seljuk Empire.

Seljuk Turks from Central Asia who were Muslims created an empire known as the Seljuk Empire that extended almost as far as Western China.

Define Abbasid Caliphate.

Empire that experienced a Golden Age of Islam and had their capital in Baghdad. They overthrew the Umayyads in 750, but were eventually conquered by the Mongols in 1258.

Define Mamluk Sultanate.

Egyptian Mamluks seized control of Egyptian government and facilitated trade in cotton and sugar between Islamic world and Europe.

Define Seljuk Turks.

Central Asian Muslims who conquered most of Middle East and went almost as far as Western China.

Define Mongols.

Came from Central Asia and conquered the Abbasid Empire in 1258.

Define Muhammad.

The prophet and founder of Islam who lived from 570 to 632

Define Sufis.

Muslims who emphasized introspection to grasp truths they believed could not be understood through learning.

Define Crusaders.

Christians who invaded Seljuk Turks territory in order to gain back the Holy Land.

Define Baghdad.

Capital of the Abbasid Empire that was a renown center for learning

Define Mamluks.

Ethnic Turks from Central Asia who were enslaved people in Arab society. They acted as bureaucrats or soldiers, but eventually took over Egypt and started the Mamluk Sultanate.

Define House of Wisdom.

Located in Baghdad, was one of the largest libraries in all of the known world at the time

Define Nasir al-Din al-Tusi.

Islamic scholar who contributed to astronomy, law, logic, ethics, math, philosophy, and medicine. He built one of the most accurate observatories in his time and is the father of trigonometry.

Define A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah.

A prolific female poet whose writing portrayed her broad education and learnings about Sufism. Her most famous poem was "Clear Inspiration, on Praise of the Trusted One" and refers to Muhammad.

Describe 1 similarity and 1 difference between the Chinese and the Abbasids.

Like the Chinese, the Abbasids had conflicts with nomadic groups in Central Asia. Unlike the Chinese, they also confronted European invaders.

Through what (3) actions and activities helped Islam's reach extend from India to Spain?

• military

• merchants

• missionaries

What (4) groups invaded Abbasid Empire?

1) Seljuk Turks

2) Mamelukes

3) Mongols

4) Crusaders

How did the Mamluk Sultanate prosper?

Facilitate trade in cotton and sugar between Islamic world and Europe.

When did Mamluks decline in power?

When Portuguese and other Europeans developed new sea routes for trade.

What did the Seljuk leader call himself?

Sultan

Describe the effect in the Abbasid Empire of having a Seljuk Turk call himself a sultan.

It reduced the role of the highest-ranking Abbasid from caliph to chief Sunni religious authority.

Seljuk Turks allowed Christians to freely travel to and from their holy sites in and around Jerusalem: True or False

False - The Abbasids allowed Christians to travel easily to and from their holy sites in and around Jerusalem. However, the Seljuk Turks limited this travel.

Why did the Mongols stop going west after they conquered the remaining Abbasid Empire and ending the Seljuk rule?

They were stopped in Egypt by Mamluks.

Describe economic decline in Baghdad after the fall of the Abbasid Empire.

Trade patterns slowly shifted to routes farther north of Baghdad, crusading the city to lose its traditional place at the center of the trade.

Give 3 effects that occurred due to the decline of Baghdad.

1) lost wealth & population

2) canals couldn't be repaired

3) not enough food for urban population

Describe the Abbasid Caliphate's ethnic makeup compared to later Islamic states.

The Abbasid Caliphate was led by Arabs and Persians, but the later Islamic states were shaped by Turkic peoples who descended from people in Central Asia.

Give 3 examples of Turkish people who shaped Dar al-Islam.

1) Mamluks in North Africa

2) Seljuks in Middle East

3) Delhi Sultanate in South Asia

Name 3 Islamic states who had their roots in Turkic cultures.

• Ottoman Empire in Turkey

• Safavid Empire in Persia

• Mughal Empire in India

Give 3 places where great universities for Islamic culture were located.

• Baghdad, Iraq

• Córdoba, Spain

• Cairo, Egypt

Explain what the following statement by Muhammad means: "Go in quest of knowledge even unto China."

Islamic scholars were encouraged to learn fro many cultures, and carried on the world of earlier thinkers.

Islamic scholars translated Greek literary classics into what langauge?

Arabic

Islamic scholars studied mathematics texts from where and transferred the knowledge to whom?

India; Europeans

Where did Islamic scholars learn to make paper? Who learned how to make paper from them?

Chinese; Europeans

Who was In Khaldun?

He was well-known for his historical accounts and is widely acknowledged as a founder of the fields of historiography and sociology.

How did Sufi missionaries play an important role in the spread of Islam?

They tended to adapt to local cultures and traditions, sometimes interweaving local religious elements into Islam, and in this way won many converts.

Describe Islamic society's view of merchants.

They viewed merchants as more prestigious than did other societies in Europe and Asia at the time. Muhammad was a merchant, and so had his first wife.

Merchants were esteemed as long as they did what?

Maintain fair dealings & gave to charity in accord to the pillars of Islamic faith

There was no discrimination against non-Arabs in Islamic regions: True or False

False - In the non-Arab areas of Islamic expansion, control by Islamic caliphs led to discrimination toward non-Arabs, though rarely to open persecution.

When did discrimination towards non-Arabs fade away?

9th century

Why were most lives of inhabitants on the countryside remain virtually unchanged?

Caliph's military force did not own the territory it had conquered, therefore not affecting society in the countryside that much.

People paid tribute to Islamic caliphs rather than to Byzantine rulers: True or False

True

Describe slavery in Islam.

Muslims could not enslave another Muslim, nor could they enslaved Christians, Jews, or Zoroastrians. They were often imported from Africa, Kievan Rus, and Central Asia. Many slaves converted to Islam, allowing them to become free.

Where did slaves in Islamic society come form?

• Africa

• Kievan Rus

• Central Asia

Describe slave women in Islamic society.

• may be concubines to men who had allotment of 4 wives

• could go to markets and run errands

• dance or perform to unrelated men

Slave women had (more/less) freedom than legal wives.

More

How many wives could a male have?

4

What does the term "hijab" mean?

A term that can refer to either the practice of dressing modestly or a specific type of covering.

What head covering would men wear in Islamic society?

Turbans or skull caps

Could women read and study?

Yes, but not in the company of men not related to them.

Give 2 examples of how Muhammad raised the status of women.

• dowries be paid to future wife rather than father

• no female infanticide

• could inherit property after marriage

• remarry if widowed

• receive cash if divorced

• marriage was consensual

• infatuated divorce

• practice birth control

Describe Muhammad's first wife.

She was educated and owned her own business, which set a pattern for the recognition of women's abilities.

Islamic women enjoyed a higher status than Christian or Jewish women: True or False

True

Describe Islamic women who testified under court.

Islamic women who testified in a court under shariah were to be protected from retaliation, but their testimony was worth only half that of a man.

How might the new status of women best be symbolized in Islamic culture?

• veil

• harem

• concubines

• children of these women

Describe Battle of Tours.

Islamic military was turned back in 732 after they lost against Frankish forces, a rare thing for Islamic armies. It marked their limited expansion into Western Europe.

Identify 2 things that resulted from the prosperity under Islam.

• climate of toleration in Córdoba between Jews, Christians, and Muslims

• promoted trade, allowing Asian products to enter Spain, then all of Europe

What were dhows?

Ships built by India or China that had long, thin hulls that made them excellent for carrying goods, not for conducting warefare.

What was the Islamic state in Spain known as?

Al-Andalus

During the Umayyad Empire, Córdoba had the largest library in the world: True or False

True

Who was Averroes?

• lived in 12th century

• was a famous scholar from Spain

• also known as In Rushd

• wrote influential works on law, secular philosophy, and the natural sciences

Who were considered "people of the book"?

Christians, Muslims, and Jews

Give an example of how the "people of the book" tolerated and influenced one another.

Bin Rushd's commentaries on Aristotle's influenced Jewish philosopher Maimonides, who developed a synthesis of Aristotle's reasoning and biblical interpretation. He influenced Christian philosopher St. Thomas Aquila's.

Describe ONE way the status of women under Islam differed from the status of women in China during the period c. 1200 - c. 1450.

One way the status of women under Islam differed from the status of women in China during the period c. 1200 to c. 1450 was that Islamic women had more freedoms with men than women of Chinese society. For instance, Islamic women within marriage could initiate divorce, own property, and overall were more independent than women in China who were more dependent on men. While Muslim women did have some restrictions, they still did not defer as much to men as Chinese women.

Explain ONE way Islamic culture blended with other cultures in al-Andalusia during the period c. 1200 - c. 1450.

One way Islamic culture blended with other cultures in al-Andalusia during the period c. 1200 to c. 1450 can be seen through the knowledge traded between cultures. For instance, an Islamic scholar influenced a Jewish philosopher, who influenced a Christian philosopher. Though the three groups had entirely different beliefs, they worked together and built upon each other's knowledge, blending each others' cultures with one another.

What was the significance of the Abbasid Dynasty?

It was big, powerful, and united by Arabic language & Islamic traditions. Religion was powerful and spreading across Eurasia while political government was breaking down.

Explain ONE way in which the Umayyad rulers in Córdoba were successful during the period c. 1200 - c. 1450.

One way in which the Umayyad rulers in Córdoba were successful during the period c. 1200 to c. 1450 was when they created a climate of toleration between three different groups. Within Córdoba, Christians, Muslims, and Jews all lived together peacefully. They did not argue or start wars with one another, contributing to the success of the Umayyad Empire's rule.

What is the significance of the Delhi Sultanate?

Muslim Political state in India in 1206 established by Turkish invaders in India.

Why did a majority of the people reject Islam in India?

India was Hindu and that religion had structured it for hundreds of years.

Compare Islam and Hinduism.

• Islam was monotheistic while Hinduism was polytheistic.

• Islam had no images of Allah while Hinduism had many idols & statues

• Islam had equality of all Muslims while Hinduism had a caste system

Who were the Sufis and what impact did they have on spreading Islam?

Muslim missionaries who embraced a form of Islam that focused more on the emotion experience and was popular form of Islam. They gained many converters because they were willing to accommodate gods and religious festivals.

Describe the spread of Islam in Africa.

• spread by commercial enterprises of traveling merchants

• converted voluntarily

• popular in urban arias like Ghana, Mali, Songhay

• spread to highest government

Describe the spread of Islam in India.

• spread by military

• lower class & not real Buddhists conformed in view of hope

• mostly in northern area

• rejected by many

When does the story of Islam begin?

7th century

Who is the prophet of Islam?

Muhammad

Where did Islam begin?

Mecca in Arabian Peninsula

What did Muslims believe about Muhammad?

God sent Muhammad as the final prophet to bring people back to the one true region, which involves the worship of, and submission to, a single, all-powerful God.

What is the name of their holy book? How does it differ from Jewish & Christian sacred texts?

Qu'ran was less narrative and is made up of written revelations Muhammad received. It is not written in the view point of people, but seen as the actual word of God.

What are the two main themes of the Qu'ran?

1) monotheism

2) importance of taking care of those less fortunate than you

What are the 5 Pillars of Islam?

1) Shahadah

2) Salat

3) Zakat

4) Sawn

5) Hajj

What is Shahadah?

Profession of faith - "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is Allah's prophet."

What is Salat?

Praying 5 times a day facing Mecca - dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, late evening (unless puberty, sick, or menstruating)

What is Sawn?

Month-long fast in Ramadan (lunar calendar month)

What is Zakat?

Almsgiving, where non-poor mMuslims give percentage of income to poor

What is hajj?

Pilgrimage to Mecca that Muslims must fulfill at least once in their lives

What is the sharia?

body of Islamic law

What is the definition of a Muslim?

People who embraced sharia because they submitted to the will of God

What is the umma?

Community of believers (cut all ties, even tribial ones)

What is the Hijra?

The journey Muhammad made to Medina when he was kicked out of Mecca

What happened in Medina?

Muhammad severed relationship ties to Judaism, turning the focus of prayer away from Jerusalem to Mecca

Where do Muslims pray?

Mecca

What is a caliph?

Political leader as a successor of Muhammad

Who was the first caliph?

Abu Baker

What are the two major sections of Islam?

Sunni & Shia

What areas were conquered by Islamic Empires?

Sassanian Empire & Byzantine Empire (Middle East, North Africa, Central Asia)

Who were the 4 Caliphs?

• Abu Bakr

• Umar

• Uthman

• Ali

What were 3 things that came from the spread of Islam?

• Islamic faith

• Arabic language

• culture of Arabia

What are 4 motives for spread of Islam?

• merchants wanted access to profitable trade routes & wealthy agricultural regions

• individuals wanted to gain wealth & social proclamation

• expansion provided common task for umma that was on verge of falling apart after Muhammad's death

• spread of Muslim faith & religion government around the world

What 4 reasons contributed to widespread conversion of Islam?

• wasn't drastic change for Jew or Christian

• Islam sponsored by powerful state at time

• people didn't have beliefs & saw how powerful Arabic Empire was & believed Allah was all-powerful

• many incentives for converting, such as jizya and that fact that slaves could hold social positions